Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Carcinogenicity Focusing on Leydig Cell: A Literature Review

The review examined the potential carcinogenic effects of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), focusing on Leydig cells. It found that AAS abuse was linked to serious adverse effects, including a possible connection to cancer such as hepatocellular adenomas and adenocarcinomas. AAS were shown to disrupt testosterone biosynthesis and induce testicular damage through oxidative stress and DNA damage, potentially leading to cancer. The review highlighted mechanisms like alterations in DNA sequences, oxidative stress, and interference with hormonal pathways, as well as the promotion of cell proliferation through IGF-1 and telomerase activity. It emphasized the need for further research to fully understand the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of AAS, particularly in young individuals who are more likely to abuse these substances.