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GlossaryKeratin (keratin protein)

protein forming hair, nails, and skin's outer layer

Keratin is a type of protein that forms the structural foundation of hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin. It provides strength and protection, making these tissues resilient and less prone to damage. In hair, keratins are essential for maintaining its integrity and elasticity, and they play a crucial role in the hair's overall health and appearance.

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research Mammalian Keratin-Associated Proteins (KRTAPs) Subgenomes: Disentangling Hair Diversity and Adaptation to Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments

65 citations, September 2014 in “BMC genomics”

Different hair types in mammals are linked to variations in specific protein genes, with changes influenced by their living environments.

Hair Keratin Associated Proteins: Characterization of a Second High Sulfur KAP Gene Domain on Human Chromosome 21 in Fond Memory of Dr. Peter Steinert

research Hair Keratin Associated Proteins: Characterization of a Second High Sulfur KAP Gene Domain on Human Chromosome 21 in Fond Memory of Dr. Peter Steinert

62 citations, January 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

A second domain of high sulfur KAP genes on chromosome 21q23 is crucial for hair structure.

research Human KAP Genes: Only Half of It? Extensive Size Polymorphisms in Hair Keratin-Associated Protein Genes

53 citations, June 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

KAP genes show significant genetic variability, but its impact on hair traits is unclear.

research Characterization of Human KAP24.1, A Cuticular Hair Keratin-Associated Protein with Unusual Amino Acid Composition and Repeat Structure

51 citations, January 2007 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Scientists discovered a unique hair protein, KAP24.1, with a special structure, found only in the upper part of hair cuticles.

research Identification of the Ovine Keratin-Associated Protein 22-1 (KAP22-1) Gene and Its Effect on Wool Traits

42 citations, January 2017 in “Genes”

The gene KAP22-1 affects wool yield and fiber shape in sheep.

Proteomic Tools for the Investigation of Human Hair Structural Proteins and Evidence of Weakness Sites on Hair Keratin Coil Segments

research Proteomic Tools for the Investigation of Human Hair Structural Proteins and Evidence of Weakness Sites on Hair Keratin Coil Segments

38 citations, October 2011 in “Analytical biochemistry”

Hair proteins have weak spots in their α-helical segments.

research Characterization of Human Keratin-Associated Protein 1 Family Members

17 citations, June 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

Mutations in hKAP1 genes may cause hereditary hair disorders.

research Molecular Modeling and Structural Characterization of a High Glycine–Tyrosine Hair Keratin Associated Protein

16 citations, January 2017 in “Physical chemistry chemical physics/PCCP. Physical chemistry chemical physics”

The 3D structure of a key hair protein was modeled, revealing specific helical structures and stabilization features.

research Diversity of Trichocyte Keratins and Keratin-Associated Proteins

16 citations, January 2018 in “Advances in experimental medicine and biology”

Hair and wool have diverse keratins and keratin-associated proteins.

research Characterization of the Promoter Regions of Two Sheep Keratin-Associated Protein Genes for Hair Cortex-Specific Expression

14 citations, April 2016 in “PloS one”

The KRTAP11-1 gene promoter is crucial for specific expression in sheep wool cortex.

research Location of Keratin-Associated Proteins in Developing Fiber Cuticle Cells Using Immunoelectron Microscopy

10 citations, January 2010 in “International journal of trichology”

Keratin-associated proteins are part of the developing hair fiber cuticle.

research Expression Analysis of the Type I Keratin Protein Keratin 33A in Goat Coat Hair

8 citations, July 2011 in “Animal science journal”

Keratin 33A is a key protein in goat winter coats, especially in high-producing breeds.

research Identification of the Ovine Keratin-Associated Protein 21-1 Gene and Its Association with Variation in Wool Traits

7 citations, July 2019 in “Animals”

The KRTAP21-1 gene affects wool yield and can help improve wool production.

research Expression of Novel Keratin-Associated Protein 5 Genes in the Cuticle Layer of Human Hair Follicles

6 citations, April 2005 in “Journal of dermatological science”

The study found nine new hair protein genes in human hair follicles.

research Repair of Damaged Hair Protein Fiber by Jointly Using Transglutaminase and Keratin

3 citations, January 2021 in “ScienceAsia”

Using an enzyme and keratin treatment can significantly repair and strengthen damaged hair.

research Highly Conserved Keratin-Associated Protein 7-1 Gene in Yak, Taurine, and Zebu Cattle

2 citations, January 2017 in “Folia biologica”

The KRTAP7-1 gene is very similar across different cattle and yak breeds and likely plays a role in hair strength and shape.

research Ancient Lineages of the Keratin-Associated Protein (KRTAP) Genes and Their Co-Option in the Evolution of the Hair Follicle

2 citations, March 2023 in “BMC ecology and evolution”

Some hair protein genes evolved early and were adapted for use in hair follicles.

research Rational Design of Keratin Nanoparticles Utilizing Diverse Hair Protein Fractions for Controlled Drug Release

November 2023 in “Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers”

Scientists made nanoparticles from human hair proteins to improve drug delivery.

research Ancient Lineages of the Keratin-Associated Protein (KRTAP) Genes and Their Co-option in the Evolution of the Hair Follicle

November 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Keratin-associated proteins have ancient origins and were used for different purposes before being adapted for hair in mammals.

research Keratin Proteins and Peptides from Wool for Hair Restoration

January 2010

Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-Associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

research Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-Associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

98 citations, June 2001 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

A cluster of sulfur-rich hair protein genes was found on chromosome 17.

research Human Hair Keratin-Associated Proteins

71 citations, August 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

Hair keratin-associated proteins are essential for strong hair, with over 80 genes showing specific patterns and variations among people.

research Polymorphisms in the Human High Sulfur Hair Keratin-Associated Protein 1, KAP1, Gene Family

48 citations, November 2002 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

Genetic variations in hair keratin proteins exist but don't significantly affect hair structure.

research Effect of Varied Hair Protein Fractions on the Gel Properties of Keratin/Chitosan Hydrogels for Use in Tissue Engineering

41 citations, November 2020 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces”

Different hair protein amounts change the strength of keratin/chitosan gels, useful for making predictable tissue engineering materials.

research Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 in a Growth- and Stress-Dependent Fashion

30 citations, December 2011 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

Keratin 17 is modified by RSK1 in response to growth and stress, affecting skin growth and stress response.

research Size Polymorphisms in the Human Ultrahigh Sulfur Hair Keratin-Associated Protein 4, KAP4, Gene Family

27 citations, June 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The study found that variations in hair protein genes are likely due to evolutionary deletions or duplications.

research HKAP1.6 And HKAP1.7, Two Novel Human High Sulfur Keratin-Associated Proteins Are Expressed In The Hair Follicle Cortex

24 citations, February 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Two new proteins, hKAP1.6 and hKAP1.7, are found in the hair follicle cortex.

research The Complexity of the Ovine and Caprine Keratin-Associated Protein Genes

10 citations, November 2021 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Sheep and goat hair fibers are complex due to keratin-associated proteins, which are important for fiber properties and growth.

research Comparative Genomics of the Keratin-Associated Protein Gene Clusters in Human, Chimpanzee, and Baboon

8 citations, March 2004 in “Mammalian genome”

KAP genes are crucial for hair development and show both shared and unique traits in humans, chimpanzees, and baboons.

research The Mean Staple Length of Wool Fiber Is Associated with Variation in the Ovine Keratin-Associated Protein 21-2 Gene

4 citations, January 2020 in “Genes”

The KRTAP21-2 gene affects wool length and quality in sheep.