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Glossary Keratin 16

protein providing structural support in skin, hair, and nails

Keratin 16 (K16) is a type of protein found in the skin, hair, and nails that helps provide structural support and resilience. It is particularly important in the body's response to stress or injury, as it is upregulated in conditions like psoriasis and certain types of alopecia, where the skin or hair follicles are damaged.

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research Increased expression of keratin 16 causes anomalies in cytoarchitecture and keratinization in transgenic mouse skin.

94 citations , October 1994 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

This study demonstrates that overexpression of K16 in transgenic mice disrupts normal keratinization, leading to hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and alterations in the skin's epithelial cells.

research Keratin 16 Expression Defines a Subset of Epithelial Cells During Skin Morphogenesis and the Hair Cycle

87 citations , November 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Directed Expression of Keratin 16 to the Progenitor Basal Cells of Transgenic Mouse Skin Delays Skin Maturation

79 citations , August 1998 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

In a transgenic mouse model, this study found that overexpression of keratin 16 in skin keratinocytes led to hyperkeratosis and increased EGF receptor signaling, altering skin cell behavior and structure.

research The Functional Diversity of Epidermal Keratins Revealed by the Partial Rescue of the Keratin 14 Null Phenotype by Keratin 16

53 citations , September 1999 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

In this study, expressing human K16 in the epidermis of K14 null mice prevented early skin blistering but led to age-related anomalies, indicating K16 and K14 have distinct roles despite their sequence similarity.

research cDNA Cloning, Expression, and Assembly Characteristics of Mouse Keratin 16

32 citations , November 1998 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study found that the unique functions of keratin 16 are likely determined by its tail domain, challenging the previous hypothesis about the role of the helix 1B subdomain.

research Overexpression of human keratin 16 produces a distinct skin phenotype in transgenic mouse skin

25 citations , September 1995 in “Biochemistry and Cell Biology”

This study found that high levels of human cytokeratin 16 expression in transgenic mice lead to skin lesions and altered keratinocyte structure, suggesting potential implications for human skin disorders and wound healing.

research The ‘melanocyte-keratin’ mystery revisited: neither normal human epidermal nor hair follicle melanocytes express keratin 16 or keratin 6in situ

8 citations , June 2009 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Human melanocytes in skin and hair follicles don't express keratin 16 or 6 naturally.

research Characterization of Human KAP24.1, A Cuticular Hair Keratin-Associated Protein with Unusual Amino-Acid Composition and Repeat Structure

51 citations , January 2007 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified a novel keratin-associated protein, KAP24.1, which is specifically expressed in the human scalp and located in the hair cuticle.

Exploring the Effects of Wetting and Free Fatty Acid Deposition on a Hair Fiber Surface Model Incorporating Keratin Associated Protein 5-1

research Exploring the effects of wetting and free fatty acid deposition on an atomistic hair fiber surface model incorporating Keratin Associated Protein 5-1

November 2022

This study used molecular dynamics simulations to illustrate the complex molecular behavior of the hair surface F-layer, highlighting how fatty acids interact with 18-MEA under different conditions.

research Keratins 6, 16, and 17 in Health and Disease: A Summary of Recent Findings

37 citations , August 2024 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

This review summarizes recent findings on keratins 6, 16, and 17, highlighting their role in keratinocyte behavior and nuclear functions, and discusses their potential as biomarkers for various skin pathologies, including damage, inflammation, and cancer, rather than in healthy skin.

research Krtap16, Characterization of a New Hair Keratin-associated Protein (KAP) Gene Complex on Mouse Chromosome 16 and Evidence for Regulation by Hoxc13

47 citations , September 2004 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study provides evidence supporting a regulatory relationship between the transcriptional regulator Hoxc13 and Krtap16 genes, which are crucial for proper hair growth in mice.

research Abstract 5022: Keratin15 (Krt15) + are radio resistant and tumor-initiating cells in the mouse small intestine

July 2017 in “Cancer Research”

This study identified a radio-resistant population of Krt15+ stem cells in the mouse small intestine that can initiate tumors, suggesting potential targets for colon cancer therapy.

research Relative Amounts of Keratin 17 Are Higher Than Those of Keratin 16 in Hair-Follicle-Derived Tumors in Comparison with Nonfollicular Epithelial Skin Tumors

31 citations , March 1995 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Distinct mutations in human basic hair keratins 1 and 6 cause monilethrix: Implications for protein structure and clinical phenotype

January 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Keratin expression in basal cell carcinomas

128 citations , February 1992 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

The researchers reported that basal cell carcinoma tumor cells strongly express keratins typical of basal keratinocytes and some hair follicle components but lack differentiation markers, suggesting a follicular or pluripotent stem cell origin.

research A keratin scaffold regulates epidermal barrier formation, mitochondrial lipid composition, and activity

98 citations , December 2015 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

In this study, researchers found that the absence of type I or type II keratins in mice leads to severe skin barrier defects, highlighting keratins' crucial role in epidermal structure and function.

research Keratin 17 Expression in the Hard Epithelial Context of the Hair and Nail, and its Relevance for the Pachyonychia Congenita Phenotype

88 citations , June 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Keratin 17 is important for hair and nail structure and affects pachyonychia congenita symptoms.

research Building Models for Keratin Disorders

4 citations , April 2012 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study developed a mouse model lacking keratin 16 to replicate palmoplantar lesions, which may help uncover the molecular mechanisms driving these lesions in pachyonychia congenita and focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma.

research Peer Review #1 of "A novel control of human keratin expression: cannabinoid receptor 1-mediated signaling down-regulates the expression of keratins K6 and K16 in human keratinocytes in vitro and in situ (v0.1)"

February 2013

This study found that CB1 receptor activation reduced keratin K6 and K16 expression in human keratinocytes in vitro and in situ, suggesting potential relevance for both psoriasis management and wound healing.

research Overexpression of Hoxc13 in differentiating keratinocytes results in downregulation of a novel hair keratin gene cluster and alopecia

114 citations , May 2001 in “Development”

This study found that overexpressing the Hoxc13 gene in mice causes hair loss and a skin condition similar to ichthyosis, identifying several gene targets that may regulate hair growth.

research Tunable Keratin Hydrogels for Controlled Erosion and Growth Factor Delivery

106 citations , December 2015 in “Biomacromolecules”

This study describes a method to create keratin hydrogels with adjustable erosion rates by mixing different ratios of keratose and kerateine, enabling controlled release of therapeutic agents like insulin-like growth factor 1.

research Molecular modeling and structural characterization of a high glycine–tyrosine hair keratin associated protein

16 citations , January 2017 in “Physical chemistry chemical physics/PCCP. Physical chemistry chemical physics”

This study presents computational modeling and experimental analysis of the HGT protein KAP8.1, identifying key structural features that may influence hair's response to environmental conditions.

Label-Free Proteomics to Identify Keratins and Keratin-Associated Proteins and Their Effects on the Fleece Traits of Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goats

research Label-free proteomics to identify keratins and keratin-associated proteins and their effects on the fleece traits of Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goats

January 2023 in “Czech Journal of Animal Science”

This study found that down and guard hairs of Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goats have distinct protein compositions and physical properties, with keratin-related proteins potentially influencing these differences.

Development and Optimization of Biotinoyl Tripeptide-1 Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Protection Against Heat Induced Hair Damage

research Development and optimization of biotinoyl tripeptide-1 loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for protection against heat induced hair damage

March 2026 in “DergiPark (Istanbul University)”

In this study, BTP-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were developed and shown to protect hair from heat-induced damage by enhancing cuticle integrity and thermal resistance in simulated thermal straightening conditions.

research Cysteine Prevents the Reduction in Keratin Synthesis Induced by Iron Deficiency in Human Keratinocytes

40 citations , July 2015 in “Journal of Cellular Biochemistry”

This study found that cysteine supplementation significantly increases keratin expression in human keratinocytes, and counteracts the negative impact of iron deficiency on keratin production by enhancing iron availability for cellular processes.

research Trichohyalin is a Potential Major Autoantigen in Human Alopecia Areata

66 citations , July 2010 in “Journal of Proteome Research”

This study suggests that an immune response to trichohyalin and keratin 16 may contribute to the pathogenesis of alopecia areata.

research Pitx2, a β-catenin-regulated transcription factor, regulates the differentiation of outer root sheath cells cultured in vitro

51 citations , February 2009 in “Journal of dermatological science”

In this study, β-catenin overexpression in human hair outer root sheath cells increased the expression of Pitx2, which activated the follicular differentiation pathway, suggesting Pitx2's potential role as a modulator in hair growth control.

research A new type of pachyonychia congenita.

10 citations , July 2001 in “PubMed”

This case report describes two patients with a likely new type of pachyonychia, characterized by nail thickening and severe generalized hypotrichosis, possibly linked to a mutation in a hard keratin.

research The Effect of Ruby Laser Light on Cellular Proliferation of Epidermal Cells

9 citations , November 1999 in “Annals of Plastic Surgery”

This study found that ruby laser hair removal causes microscopic epidermal damage but does not lead to cellular hyperproliferation, unlike ultraviolet-irradiated cell damage.

research Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-4 (SSEA-4) as a Distinguishing Marker between Eccrine and Apocrine Origin of Ducts of Sweat Glands

3 citations , July 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that SSEA-4 is a marker that distinguishes eccrine from apocrine ductal cells in human sweat glands, suggesting its potential use in diagnostic applications.