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This study found that vitamin D receptor expression is associated with proliferating keratinocytes, while retinoid X receptor α is linked to differentiating keratinocytes, suggesting differential targeting by vitamin D metabolites.

In this study, researchers found that patients with alopecia areata had a significant increase in NKG2D+CD4+ T cell levels in their blood compared to healthy controls.

This study conducted a scoping review and meta-analysis revealing a complex chemokine profile in alopecia areata patients, with elevated Th1, Th2, and other immune pathway chemokines, suggesting broader immunomodulatory strategies may help address the disease's multifaceted immune dysregulation.

In this scoping review and meta-analysis, researchers found that patients with alopecia areata show a complex serum chemokine profile, predominantly involving Th1- and Th2-associated chemokines, suggesting that broader immunomodulatory strategies might address the diverse immune dysregulation observed in the disease.

In this study, researchers found that CD4 T cells from the skin draining lymph nodes of mice with alopecia areata can transfer the disease to recipient mice, highlighting the key role of these cells and their interaction with CD8 T cells in the disease's development.

In this study, researchers observed that a topical gel containing 20% hypoxia mesenchymal stem cell secretome significantly reduced IL-15 and IFN-γ mRNA expression and baldness by 60% in male Wistar rats with fluconazole-related alopecia.

Highly active but fewer CD14+CD16- monocytes are found in Alopecia Areata patients, regardless of severity.

This review outlines the proposed theories behind the development of alopecia areata, emphasizing the autoimmune process involving lost immune privilege in hair follicles, and stresses the need to pinpoint specific pathogenic mechanisms for potential treatments.

In this animal study, researchers discovered that CD4 T cells from mice with alopecia areata can induce the disease more efficiently than those from unaffected mice, likely by supporting CD8 T cell activation and hair follicle attack.

This review discusses the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, highlighting the role of immune privilege collapse in hair follicles but reports no clinical results.

In this experimental study, laser irradiation significantly altered the gene expression of cytokines in cultured human T-cell lymphocytes, suggesting that such laser light may photobiomodulate cytokine production in vitro.

This study found that injecting interferon gamma into C3H/HeJ mice did not alter the frequency or onset of alopecia areata, suggesting the protein alone does not trigger the disease.

This letter to the editor discusses a potential link between new onset alopecia areata and SARS-CoV-2 infection, but reports no new clinical results.

This study identifies substance P, TNFα, and IFNγ as novel regulators of prolactin and its receptor expression in human skin, suggesting intracutaneous prolactin is not controlled by dopamine.

This study found that intramuscular anti-IFN-γ significantly stabilized and promoted hair regrowth in alopecia areata patients with patchy, progressive hair loss, whereas those with total baldness showed more limited improvement.

This review evaluates the role of the nuclear receptor PPAR- in skin diseases, highlighting its regulation of inflammation, lipid metabolism, and immune response, and suggests that PPAR-agonists could be promising therapies for conditions like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

In this study, researchers prepared a humanized CXCL12 antibody for alopecia areata treatment, finding it significantly delayed disease onset in mice and reduced immune cell activation, suggesting potential as an immune modulatory therapy.

This study found that sebaceous glands in the skin are primarily renewed by their own stem cells during normal conditions, but after injury, they regenerate through stem cells from hair follicles, highlighting stem cell plasticity and regeneration capabilities.

This review discusses sex-based differences in immune responses, focusing on genetic, hormonal, and microbiome factors influencing infections like COVID-19, and reports no clinical results.

This article reviews sebaceous immunobiology and highlights the complex role of sebaceous glands and sebocytes in skin barrier function and inflammation, particularly in acne pathogenesis, but reports no new results.

This review discusses strategies to enhance mesenchymal stem cell therapy effectiveness but reports no new clinical results; it highlights the need for improved consistency and efficacy in MSC-based treatments.

This article examines anticytokine therapies for autoimmune diseases, highlighting the potential of anti-interferon-γ as a universal treatment for certain conditions and noting varying effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors.

This article hypothesizes that apremilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, could be a targeted treatment for alopecia areata due to its ability to suppress interferon-gamma production, but reports no new clinical results.

This study found that IFN-γ plays a critical role in T cell activation and the pathogenesis of alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice.

This study found that anthralin and mechlorethamine were the most effective therapies among those tested in AA-affected rodent models, providing a basis for further analysis of their mechanisms in Alopecia Areata.

This study found that ruxolitinib modulated inflammatory changes and stimulated growth factor signals by blocking the JAK-STAT pathway in an in vitro model of alopecia areata.

This study found that antroquinonol inhibited CD8+ T cell proliferation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vitro, while also ameliorating H2O2-induced depigmentation and resisting reductions in hair follicle length, skin thickness, and tyrosinase expression in mice.

This study discusses the epithelial-immune microenvironment in chronic skin diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and highlights current and future treatment strategies targeting inflammatory loops within these diseases.

This research suggests that innate lymphoid cells type 1 (ILC1) may contribute to the development of alopecia areata, alongside CD8+ T cells, by disrupting hair follicle immune privilege and promoting features of the disease.

This study suggests that lithocholic acid may enhance hair regeneration in alopecia by activating vitamin D receptors in human dermal papilla cells.