Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interferon Gamma, and Substance P Are Novel Modulators of Extrapituitary Prolactin Expression in Human Skin

April 2013 in “ PLOS ONE ”

Ewan A. Langan, Silvia Vidali, Natascha Pigat, Wolfgang Funk, Erika Lorenzetto, Tamás Bı́ró, Vincent Goffin, C.E.M. Griffiths, Ralf Paus

Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha Interferon Gamma Substance P prolactin prolactin receptor PRL PRLR human hair follicles epidermis inflammatory dermatoses TNFα IFNγ

Studysummary This study identifies substance P, TNFα, and IFNγ as novel regulators of prolactin and its receptor expression in human skin, suggesting intracutaneous prolactin is not controlled by dopamine.

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research Dopamine Is a Novel, Direct Inducer of Catagen in Human Scalp Hair Follicles In Vitro

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research Utilizing the Hair Follicle to Dissect the Regulation and Autocrine/Paracrine Activities of Prolactin in Humans

12 citations , May 2012 in “Endocrinology and metabolism/American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism”

This article discusses the potential of using human hair follicles as a model to study prolactin's regulation and activities but reports no new experimental findings; the authors suggest further research in this area.

research Hair Loss and Hyperprolactinemia in Women

19 citations , January 2012 in “Dermato-endocrinology”

This study suggests that moderate elevated prolactin levels are unlikely to cause significant hair loss in women, but still warrant further diagnostic investigation to rule out a prolactin-producing pituitary tumor.

research Female Pattern Hair Loss: Beyond an Androgenic Aetiology?

14 citations , July 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This report discusses the possibility that estrogens might play a greater role than androgens in female pattern hair loss, without presenting new research findings.

research Prolactin: An Emerging Force Along the Cutaneous–Endocrine Axis

51 citations , July 2010 in “Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism”

This review discusses prolactin production and regulation in human skin and hair follicles, highlighting its potential broader implications but reports no new empirical results.

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Estrogen Differentially Regulate Prolactin and Prolactin Receptor Expression in Female Human Skin and Hair Follicles In Vitro

research Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Estrogen Differentially Regulate Prolactin and Prolactin Receptor Expression in Female Human Skin and Hair Follicles In Vitro

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Oestrogen and thyrotropin-releasing hormone affect prolactin and its receptor in human skin and hair, suggesting new treatment options for related conditions.

research Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: A Novel, Locally Produced Modulator of Human Epidermal Functions, Regulated by Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Thyroid Hormones

105 citations , February 2010 in “Endocrinology”

This study found that normal human epidermis expresses TSH and may be an indirect target of TSH signaling, with expression regulated by endocrine controls of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.

research Prolactin: A Novel Neuroendocrine Regulator of Human Keratin Expression In Situ

64 citations , January 2010 in “The FASEB Journal”

This study found that prolactin is a key regulator of keratin expression in human hair follicles, enhancing specific keratin types and influencing epithelial stem cell-associated keratins.

research Mind the Gender Gap: Does Prolactin Exert Gender and Site-Specific Effects on the Human Hair Follicle?

36 citations , November 2009 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study suggests that prolactin has complex, gender- and location-dependent effects on human hair follicles, promoting hair growth in female frontotemporal scalp areas while inhibiting it in male occipital regions.

research Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone: A New Player in Human Hair Growth Control

72 citations , October 2009 in “The FASEB journal”

This study found that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) acts as a potent stimulator of hair growth in human scalp hair follicles, promoting elongation and prolonging the anagen phase.

research Prolactin and the Skin: A Dermatological Perspective on an Ancient Pleiotropic Peptide Hormone

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research Human Female Hair Follicles Are a Direct, Nonclassical Target for Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

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research Thyroid Hormones Directly Alter Human Hair Follicle Functions: Anagen Prolongation and Stimulation of Both Hair Matrix Keratinocyte Proliferation and Hair Pigmentation

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research Probing the Effects of Stress Mediators on the Human Hair Follicle

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In this study, researchers found that substance P triggered premature catagen development and immune changes in human scalp hair follicles, providing a possible biological link between stress and hair loss conditions like telogen effluvium and alopecia areata.

Human Scalp Hair Follicles Are Both a Target and a Source of Prolactin, Which Serves as an Autocrine and/or Paracrine Promoter of Apoptosis-Driven Hair Follicle Regression

research Human Scalp Hair Follicles Are Both a Target and a Source of Prolactin, Which Serves as an Autocrine and/or Paracrine Promoter of Apoptosis-Driven Hair Follicle Regression

128 citations , March 2006 in “American Journal of Pathology”

The study found that prolactin expressed in human scalp hair follicles acts as an autocrine modulator, inhibiting hair growth and promoting hair follicle regression, which may contribute to hair loss in hyper-prolactinemia patients.

research Human Hair Follicles Display a Functional Equivalent of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Synthesize Cortisol

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146 citations , January 2004 in “Hormones”

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research Prolactin and Its Receptor Are Expressed in Murine Hair Follicle Epithelium, Show Hair Cycle-Dependent Expression, and Induce Catagen

91 citations , May 2003 in “American Journal of Pathology”

This study found that prolactin and its receptor are expressed in the murine hair follicle epithelium, influencing hair cycle phases by down-regulating keratinocyte proliferation during anagen and inducing premature catagen.