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Glossary Epigenetic Factors

external influences that modify gene expression without altering DNA

Epigenetic factors are external or environmental influences that can modify the way genes are expressed without changing the underlying DNA sequence. These factors can include diet, stress, and exposure to toxins, and they can affect how cells read genes, potentially leading to changes in physical traits or susceptibility to diseases like alopecia.

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research Understanding Pattern Hair Loss—Hair Biology Impacted by Genes, Androgens, Prostaglandins and Epigenetic Factors

3 citations , October 2021 in “Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery”

The authors concluded that pattern hair loss is a complex condition with limited treatment efficacy and two FDA-approved drugs, finasteride and minoxidil, to slow its progression.

research Facial skin aging: an integrative analysis of genetics, epigenetics, and lifestyle factors

December 2025 in “GeroScience”

This study found that both genetic and epigenetic factors significantly influence age-related facial skin aging, with lifestyle and environmental factors also playing a substantial role.

research Epigenetic regulation and factors that influence the effect of iPSCs-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) in the treatment of spinal cord injury

13 citations , February 2024 in “Clinical Epigenetics”

In this study, the authors review how epigenetic regulation influences the role of iPSC-derived neural stem/progenitor cells in spinal cord injury therapy, highlighting challenges in the cells' generation, differentiation, and transplantation, and the effect of therapeutic tools on these processes.

All Roads Lead to the Nucleus: Integration of Signaling, Transcription Factor-Mediated, and Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Control of Skin Development and Regeneration

research All Roads Go to the Nucleus: Integration of Signaling/Transcription Factor-Mediated and Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Control of Skin Development and Regeneration

January 2018 in “Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine”

This review discusses the interplay between signaling/transcription factor-mediated and epigenetic mechanisms in skin development and regeneration, highlighting the need for further exploration of epigenome reorganization in these processes.

research The pioneer factor SOX9 competes for epigenetic factors to switch stem cell fates

6 citations , July 2023 in “Nature cell biology”

In this study, re-activating SOX9 in adult epidermal stem cells led to a fate switch towards hair follicle stem cell identity, with altered chromatin dynamics and oncogenic activation, contributing insights into developmental processes and cancer pathways.

research Melanocyte and gonad activity as potential severity modifying factors in C3H/HeJ mouse alopecia areata

30 citations , December 2001 in “Experimental dermatology”

This study found that gonadal steroid hormones influence alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice, with estradiol promoting progression and dihydrotestosterone conferring resistance to disease onset.

research Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms governing epidermal stem cell regulation

March 2026 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

This review reports that transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms in epithelial stem cells guide their fate in the epidermis and hair follicles, crucial for skin homeostasis, but disruptions can lead to disease.

research Epigenetic and Environmental Regulation of Skin Appendage Regeneration

January 2015

This review discusses the roles of epigenetic and environmental factors in the regeneration of skin appendages and highlights potential therapeutic approaches for conditions like alopecia.

research Role of Environmental Factors and Gonadotoxin Exposure in Unexplained Male Infertility

2 citations , January 2015 in “Springer eBooks”

Environmental factors and exposure to toxins may contribute to male infertility by affecting sperm and hormone function.

research Promoter Methylation Changes in KRT17: A Novel Epigenetic Marker for Wool Production in Angora Rabbit

2 citations , May 2022 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

This study found that the methylation level at CpG III site 4 of the KRT17 gene promoter significantly influences wool production in Angora rabbits, suggesting its potential as an epigenetic marker for breeding high wool yield.

research 164 Epigenetic and transcriptional profiling of PBMCs in mild and severe alopecia areata using single-cell RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq

November 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study used advanced single-cell RNA and chromatin sequencing to investigate differences in peripheral blood cells between mild and severe alopecia areata patients, uncovering shared transcription factor motifs that may explain disease severity and open avenues for future research on therapeutic targets.

research Epidermal Differentiation Complex: A Review on Its Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Drug Targets.

39 citations , January 2016 in “PubMed”

This review discusses the role of epidermal differentiation complex genes and epigenetic mechanisms in skin development and certain diseases, emphasizing their potential for improving drug development and delivery systems but provides no new experimental results.

research Skin Organogenesis and Dysmorphogenetic Factors in Skin Diseases (Review)

1 citations , December 2018 in “Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine”

This study found that activation of a mother's immune system during early pregnancy in mice led to transient alopecia in their offspring, highlighting a link between epidermal and dermal histogenesis disorders and alopecia.

research Framing the Problem: The Mystery of Post-Finasteride Syndrome and Reasons to Suspect a Microbial Factor

April 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)”

This paper hypothesizes that gut dysbiosis acts as a key factor in Post-Finasteride Syndrome, potentially explaining its symptom patterns beyond androgen receptor silencing.

research Framing the Problem: The Mystery of Post-Finasteride Syndrome and Reasons to Suspect a Microbial Factor

April 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)”

This paper proposes that gut dysbiosis plays a crucial role in Post-Finasteride Syndrome by possibly contributing to both androgenic and non-androgenic symptoms, and may explain fluctuating symptom cycles better than static genetic explanations.

research Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Plasticity in Epithelia

129 citations , May 2015 in “Cell Stem Cell”

This review discusses recent findings on the plasticity and regulation of epithelial stem cells and reports no new experimental results.

research The Pathobiology of Skin Aging

122 citations , April 2020 in “American Journal Of Pathology”

This review discusses the multiple factors contributing to skin aging, including cellular changes and environmental influences, and highlights its recognition as a disease with significant implications beyond cosmetic concerns, without reporting new research results.

research Alopecia areata − animal models

69 citations , July 2002 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology”

This review discusses rodent models of alopecia areata and highlights genetic and epigenetic factors influencing its development, but reports no new experimental results.

research Do Changes in Chromosomes Cause Aging?

50 citations , July 1996 in “Cell”

This review discusses genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that may contribute to aging and presents models suggesting that chromosomal changes could play a key role in the aging process; it reports no new experimental findings.

research Deciphering the Complex Immunopathogenesis of Alopecia Areata

45 citations , May 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This manuscript reviews the latest understanding of alopecia areata's pathogenesis, highlighting the roles of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, with a focus on immune responses involving IFN-γ and cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells as key contributors to hair follicle inflammation and function disruption without follicle destruction.

research De novo single-nucleotide and copy number variation in discordant monozygotic twins reveals disease-related genes

36 citations , March 2019 in “European Journal of Human Genetics”

This study found genetic variations, including de novo variants and copy number variations, that may be associated with phenotypic discordance in monozygotic twins with various clinical conditions.

research Distinct mechanisms underlie pattern formation in the skin and skin appendages

25 citations , September 2006 in “Birth Defects Research”

This article discusses various skin pattern formations, their molecular mechanisms, and highlights the need for further understanding to connect molecular biology with organism phenotypes, without providing new clinical findings.

research The Genetics of Human Skin Disease

24 citations , October 2014 in “Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine”

Genetic research has advanced our understanding of skin diseases, but complex conditions require an integrative approach for deeper insight.

Making Waves with Hairs: Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in Hair Pattern Formation

research Making Waves with Hairs

18 citations , April 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This review explores the potential genetic and epigenetic influences on hair whorl patterns and suggests that pattern formation may involve basic physical-chemical laws, although it reports no new experimental findings.

research Prevalence and characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome in Brazilian women: protocol for a nation-wide case–control study

15 citations , October 2019 in “BMJ Open”

This protocol outlines a nationwide study to investigate the prevalence of metabolic and reproductive abnormalities, anxiety, and depression in Brazilian women with polycystic ovary syndrome, aiming to inform public health strategies.

research Novel Mutation in Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome Is Associated With Divergent Neurologic Phenotypes

15 citations , October 2012 in “Journal of child neurology”

In this study, two unrelated Honduran patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome had the same genetic mutation but displayed different disease severities, suggesting that factors beyond the ALDH3A2 mutation influence clinical outcome.

research Physiology and Medical Treatments for Alopecia

8 citations , April 2020 in “Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America”

This abstract explains that androgenetic alopecia, a common hair loss disorder influenced by genetics and hormones like dihydrotestosterone, has FDA-approved treatments including minoxidil, finasteride, and photolaser therapy, but its genetic basis and susceptibility to environmental factors remain complex.

research Polycystic ovarian syndrome: current understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

5 citations , October 2021 in “Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council”

This review discusses diagnostic criteria, phenotypes, and therapies for polycystic ovarian syndrome, emphasizing an individualized treatment approach based on the multifactorial nature of the disease; it reports no clinical results.

Emerging Topics in Cardiometabolic and Psychological Sequelae, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Review

research Emerging Topics in Cardiometabolic and Psychologic Sequelae, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Review

4 citations , July 2019 in “Children (Basel)”

This review discusses recent findings on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options for PCOS but reports no new clinical results.

research Debatable Topics in PCOS Patients

2 citations , February 2018 in “InTech eBooks”

This book discusses current research on polycystic ovary syndrome, including diagnosis, management, and the impact of lifestyle changes, without reporting new clinical results.