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This review summarizes the cell type distribution and functional significance of human keratins, emphasizing their roles in tumor diagnosis and potential clinical applications, and reports no new clinical findings.

This review discusses the role of keratins in epithelial cell stress protection and cancer, highlighting their potential as multifunctional regulators and diagnostic markers, without presenting new research findings.

This study found that specific human hair keratins are differentially expressed in the hair follicle, suggesting a shared pathway of epithelial differentiation between hair cortex and nail plate cells.

More research is needed to understand how hair keratins work and their role in hair disorders.

This study establishes a catalog of human type I hair keratins and identifies their specific roles and expression patterns during hair differentiation and growth in scalp follicles.

Keratin-associated proteins are crucial for hair strength and structure.

This study found that cultured outer root sheath cells from human hair follicles expressed a keratin profile similar to their in vivo environment, indicating environmental influence on keratin expression.

This study demonstrated that HOXC13 directly influences hair keratin gene expression by binding to specific DNA motifs, suggesting its role in early hair follicle differentiation.

Hoxc13 is important for hair and tongue development by controlling hair keratin genes.

Different keratin proteins are expressed in various epithelial cells at different stages, affecting cell structure and function.

This study found that keratin expression patterns vary within nail unit structures, with the nail matrix uniquely expressing the acidic hair-type keratin Ha1.

Human hair keratin can be used in many medical applications.

In this study, researchers identified the ventral matrix as the primary source of nail plate formation, while the dorsal portion is generated by the apical matrix.

This study describes a method to create keratin hydrogels with adjustable erosion rates by mixing different ratios of keratose and kerateine, enabling controlled release of therapeutic agents like insulin-like growth factor 1.

In this study, researchers found that the prevalent Glu 410 Lys mutation in hHb6 and a new Glu 403 Lys mutation in hHb1 are linked to monilethrix, suggesting a mutational hotspot in type II hair keratins.

This study identified a 69 bp deletion in the KRT75 gene as the cause of the frizzle feather trait in chickens, affecting feather curling.

This review explains the genetic diversity of sheep wool keratin-associated protein genes and explores how this variation might be leveraged for selective breeding to enhance wool fiber traits.

In this study, researchers found that the absence of type I or type II keratins in mice leads to severe skin barrier defects, highlighting keratins' crucial role in epidermal structure and function.

This study identified a cluster of genes on chromosome 17 related to hair keratin-associated proteins, including 37 genes forming seven multigene families, localized in the hair shaft's upper cortex.

A mutation in the KRT74 gene causes tightly curled hair.

This study reports that expressed mouse type Ia and type IIa trichocyte keratins were successfully assembled into intermediate filaments in vitro, while also suggesting that disulfide bond cross linking enhances their stability.

This study found that beard hair medulla cells express an unexpected range of keratins, showing variability and promiscuous behavior in keratin interactions distinct from other hair follicle cells.

This study found that a keratin mutation may cause diffuse partial woolly hair associated with loose anagen hair syndrome in some families, but other genetic factors could play a role in different cases.

Keratins change and are modified differently in skin layers and body parts.

This study identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation in the hHb3 gene associated with monilethrix, highlighting its role in this hair disorder.

The research identified six functional hair keratin genes and four pseudogenes, providing insights into hair formation and gene organization.

This study found that keratins have evolutionarily conserved and domain-selectively enriched amino acids, which likely reflect their unique structural roles, with distinct patterns observed among epidermal, hair, and simple-type epithelial keratins.

This study suggests that the structural integrity and physical proximity of Whn's DNA binding and activation domains are crucial for hair keratin gene activation and may explain the nude phenotype.

This study discovered nine human type I hair keratin genes, including a transcribed pseudogene, in a 190 kbp genomic region, revealing three gene subclusters based on sequence homologies.