September 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This review examines the interconnected processes of atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata, highlighting shared immune imbalances, genetic factors, and microbiome influences, while analyzing current and emerging treatments and identifying gaps in understanding these overlapping conditions.
August 2025 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy” This review article examines current drugs for androgenetic alopecia, focusing on their mechanisms and clinical efficacy, noting that while finasteride and minoxidil are commonly approved treatments, new drugs targeting different pathogenic pathways have emerged, offering a broader understanding and reference for AGA treatment options.
This study discovered that androgenetic alopecia disrupts the scalp microbiome balance across the whole scalp, not just areas with hair loss, and introduced a microbial index for early detection and severity prediction.
October 2024 in “World Journal of Psychiatry” In this study, patients with androgenetic alopecia experiencing stress had higher cortisol levels and altered neurotrophic factors compared to non-stressed patients, which correlated with more severe hair loss progression even after minoxidil treatment.
September 2024 in “Frontiers in Genetics” In this study, researchers found a significant association between the rs13405699 SNP at 2q31.1 and male pattern baldness among Han Chinese men, suggesting genetic influence on this condition in this population.
August 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” The study investigated immune cell patterns around the hair follicle infundibulum in androgenetic alopecia, revealing significant differences in immune signatures between patients with AGA and control donors, specifically noting an enrichment of CD4 cells in the patient group.
September 2023 in “Medicine” This study found increased infiltration of specific immune cells, such as γδ T cells and CD8+ T cells, in the bald scalp of male androgenetic alopecia patients, and identified four key immune-related genes potentially involved in hair loss development through interferon-γ signaling pathways.
2 citations
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November 2022 in “Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” This review discusses how aging affects hair follicle stem cells and their environment, contributing to hair loss, and explores strategies to promote hair regrowth, but reports no new results.
1 citations
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November 2022 in “Experimental cell research” This study found that a PGE2 matrix, when injected subcutaneously, increased the proportion of developing hair follicles and improved hair follicle stem cell markers in a mouse model of hair loss.
November 2022 in “Annals of Translational Medicine” This study identified four hub genes that are closely linked to the causative factors of androgenetic alopecia, suggesting potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
October 2022 in “The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology” This review discusses the roles of prostaglandins in hair loss and highlights their potential as targets for new alopecia treatments, but reports no new clinical findings.
1 citations
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October 2021 in “Endokrynologia Polska” This study observed that levothyroxine therapy in men with autoimmune hypothyroidism was less effective at reducing thyroid antibodies and hormone disruptions in those with early-onset androgenetic alopecia compared to those without hair loss.
4 citations
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February 2021 in “International Journal of Dermatology” This study found that increased levels of PGD2 and prostacyclin and decreased levels of PGE2 and PGF2α were associated with baldness in androgenetic alopecia, suggesting potential targets for treatment.
5 citations
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January 2021 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” This study found that topical cetirizine treatment significantly improved hair regrowth and patient satisfaction in male patients with androgenetic alopecia compared to a placebo, highlighting its potential role in treatment.
9 citations
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November 2020 in “Journal of Inflammation Research” This perspective highlights the role of inflammation in male and female pattern hair loss and its implications for developing future therapeutic options.
12 citations
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April 2019 in “Scientific Reports” This study found that HMGB1 enhanced hair growth by stimulating PGE2 production in human dermal papilla cells, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for alopecia treatment.
18 citations
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February 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This study found that prostaglandin D2 promotes androgen receptor and AKT signaling in human dermal papilla cells through the DP2 receptor, potentially contributing to androgenetic alopecia.
57 citations
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November 2017 in “Nature Communications” This genome-wide association study identified 71 genetic loci linked to male pattern baldness, with 30 novel loci, explaining 38% of the risk and suggesting shared pathways with lifespan and cancer traits.
21 citations
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June 2017 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment” This study found that topical cetirizine 1% significantly improved hair density and diameter in patients with androgenetic alopecia, with patients tolerating the treatment well.
1 citations
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May 2012 in “Hair transplant forum international” This article reviews the genetic and androgenic factors influencing the development of androgenetic alopecia and reports no new findings; the authors highlight a need for further research into the underlying mechanisms.
205 citations
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March 2012 in “Science Translational Medicine” PGD2 stops hair growth and is higher in bald men with AGA.
126 citations
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January 2009 in “International Journal of Trichology” This review discusses the potential role of oxidative stress in hair graying and age-related alopecia, emphasizing the need for new strategies to counteract these effects, but reports no new results.
18 citations
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March 2008 in “British Journal of Dermatology” This study found that finasteride 1 mg daily decreased 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone levels and improved hair growth in younger men with androgenetic alopecia, with higher initial hormone levels predicting better response.
35 citations
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October 2006 in “Journal of Dermatology” This study outlines the clinical features of androgenetic alopecia in Korean adolescents, finding milder symptoms compared to adults and a high occurrence of family history, with normal hormone levels.
234 citations
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December 1996 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” The authors concluded that chronic telogen effluvium in middle-aged women presents distinct clinical and histological features that differ from androgenetic alopecia and acute telogen effluvium.
309 citations
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May 1993 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” This study concluded that horizontal sections of scalp biopsy specimens provide more diagnostic information for male pattern androgenetic alopecia than vertical sections and can predict hair regrowth potential following topical minoxidil therapy.
94 citations
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August 1975 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology” In this study, the researchers observed that male pattern alopecia is characterized by miniature follicles, enlarged sebaceous glands, and an increased number of mast cells, without significant abnormalities in enzyme activity.
