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The study found that ornithine decarboxylase 1 (Odc1) was regulated by the androgen receptor (AR) in skeletal muscle, with higher expression in adult male mice compared to females and younger males. Odc1 was essential for myoblast proliferation, as its inhibition reduced myoblast numbers, while overexpression increased them. AR deletion in mice led to decreased Odc1 expression, indicating direct regulation by AR. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) also upregulated Odc1 in human myoblasts, supporting its role in proliferation. These findings suggested that androgens, through AR, contributed to greater muscle mass in males and normal muscle development, with potential therapeutic implications for enhancing muscle mass in conditions like HIV, cancer cachexia, and sarcopenia. ODC was already a target for treating hirsutism, indicating the potential for developing ODC agonists to increase muscle mass without androgen side effects.

5 alpha reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) are widely used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenetic alopecia by reducing dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels. While generally safe, they can cause adverse effects, particularly sexual side effects like loss of libido and erectile dysfunction, which may persist as post-finasteride syndrome. Cognitive concerns, such as increased dementia and depression risk, have been noted, especially within the first 2 years of treatment. Muscle-related side effects, including myalgia and myositis, are rare but possible. Although initially considered for prostate cancer prevention, 5ARIs have not shown significant benefits and may slightly increase aggressive cancer forms. Clinicians should carefully consider these potential side effects, especially in older adults with other health conditions.

The document explores the potential of exosomes derived from stem cells as a promising therapeutic approach for skin rejuvenation and hair regrowth. Exosomes, small vesicles capable of transferring bioactive molecules, show potential in treating skin aging and hair loss by modulating inflammation, enhancing angiogenesis, and promoting hair follicle activity. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes create an anti-inflammatory environment conducive to hair growth, while dermal papilla cell-derived exosomes activate hair follicle stem cells. The Advanced Hair System, containing exosomes and growth factors, has demonstrated a 95% success rate in treating mild to moderate hair loss, with visible regrowth within 6 weeks. Despite these promising results, the use of exosomes for hair loss treatment is still in early research stages, necessitating further studies to optimize their clinical application.