80 citations
,
January 1988 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” This study observed that high-dose spironolactone frequently caused metrorrhagia in women with idiopathic hirsutism, leading the authors to suggest lower starting doses or additional hormonal therapy.
11 citations
,
July 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” β-estradiol slows hair growth in mice.
4 citations
,
April 2020 in “Dermatology practical & conceptual” This study reported that among postmenopausal women with female pattern hair loss, treatment with topical finasteride 0.5% and minoxidil 2% was more effective at improving hair condition than treatment with topical 17α-estradiol 0.05% and minoxidil 2%, particularly notable at 12-18 months of follow-up.
18 citations
,
January 2003 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” In this study, low-dose finasteride (2.5 mg/day) significantly reduced hirsutism scores in women over 12 months without significant hormonal changes or serious side effects.
This report discusses the FDA's rejection of Aveed, a long-acting testosterone injection, due to safety concerns despite divided advisory committee opinions, without presenting new clinical data.
21 citations
,
February 2005 in “Epilepsy & Behavior” The researchers reported that metabolism of progesterone to 3α,5α-THP in the hippocampus is important for its antiseizure effects in ovariectomized rats.
6 citations
,
November 2015 in “JAMA” This study found that oral contraceptive pills improve mild hirsutism, while flutamide and spironolactone are beneficial for more severe cases, but other therapies show inconsistent or no benefit.
6 citations
,
January 2017 in “Annals of Dermatology” In this study, Korean women with female pattern hair loss who used a combination of topical 0.025% 17α-estradiol and 3% minoxidil saw significant increases in total hair count and hair caliber over six months.
October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” In this study, estetrol (E4) treatment was associated with increased hair growth in ex vivo human hair follicles, suggesting its potential as a treatment for hair loss disorders.
March 2023 in “Current Pharmaceutical Design” This study found that spironolactone significantly reduced hirsutism scores in women with idiopathic hirsutism compared to finasteride and cyproterone acetate but showed no significant difference among women with PCOS compared to flutamide and finasteride, and it was well tolerated overall.
39 citations
,
November 1978 in “Annals of internal medicine” This brief report discusses spironolactone used as a treatment for hirsutism in a hyperandrogenic woman, offering no new clinical findings and focusing on its antiandrogenic properties.
124 citations
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September 1980 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” This study found that spironolactone significantly reduced hair growth in hirsute women, with noticeable effects in 3-5 months, and decreased serum testosterone levels in all participants.
January 2011 in “Yearbook of Endocrinology”
22 citations
,
January 2017 in “Dermatology” In this retrospective study, spironolactone improved acne in 86% of patients while showing minimal side effects, suggesting it as a safe treatment option for postadolescent acne with a low risk of short-term adverse effects like hyperkalemia.
November 2025 in “Clinical Endocrinology” This analysis reports no significant differences between spironolactone and metformin for managing PCOS, noting spironolactone remains a potential off-label option for patients unable to use hormonal contraceptives, but larger studies are necessary to confirm its efficacy.
20 citations
,
August 1987 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” This study suggests that Aldactone may be more effective than Diane in reducing hair growth, despite having minimal impact on hormone levels.
2 citations
,
October 1988 in “Steroids” This study found that in non-obese women with moderate body hair growth, DHEA-S and prolactin levels were higher, and SBP was lower compared to controls, which may inform treatment decisions.
15 citations
,
April 2020 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” This article notes the lack of physician-reported outcome studies supporting the efficacy of off-label spironolactone in treating female pattern hair loss, despite its common prescription alongside FDA-approved topical minoxidil.
This article discusses the positive effects of estrogens and progestagens on various general diseases, but reports no new clinical results; the mechanisms and treatment approaches are presented.
232 citations
,
June 1975 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” In this study, a treatment regimen combining cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol significantly improved acne and seborrhoea in most women after three months, but had varied effects on hirsutism and alopecia.
43 citations
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July 2003 in “Andrology” This review evaluates previous studies on androgen-progestin combinations for male contraception, concluding that long-acting injectable formulations appear promising due to their effectiveness and minimal short-term adverse effects.
January 2021 in “Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College” This study found that treatment with oral contraceptives containing 35mg ethinylestradiol and 2mg cyproterone acetate significantly reduced serum AMH levels in women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome, unlike metformin.
94 citations
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January 2000 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” This study found that spironolactone, flutamide, and finasteride are similarly effective in reducing hair diameter and Ferriman-Gallwey scores in women with hirsutism over a 6-month treatment period.
165 citations
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February 1994 in “Fertility and Sterility” This study found that flutamide was more effective than spironolactone in reducing symptoms of hirsutism and related conditions in premenopausal women, with fewer discontinuations due to side effects.
5 citations
,
May 2017 in “Current Opinion in Pediatrics” This review found that hormonal therapies, including FDA-approved combined oral contraceptive pills and spironolactone, are effective and well-tolerated treatments for acne vulgaris in adolescents with or without endocrine disorders, providing alternative options to antibiotics.
113 citations
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April 1999 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” This study found that all four treatments—flutamide, finasteride, ketoconazole, and EE-CPA—significantly reduced hirsutism, but EE-CPA and flutamide appeared most effective, with varying effects on androgen levels and side-effect profiles.
2 citations
,
March 2005 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Equol may help with antiaging and skin health by boosting collagen and blocking certain hormones.
108 citations
,
March 2006 in “Archives of Dermatology” This study observed that 62% of premenopausal women with female pattern hair loss reported improvement when treated with oral finasteride and an oral contraceptive containing drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol.
9 citations
,
May 2011 in “Hormones and Behavior” Allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite, helps reduce restraint effects on behavior.
10 citations
,
January 1967 in “PubMed” This research reports that oral contraceptives may cause melasma in 24-29% of users, with minimal improvement after stopping the drug and limited effectiveness of hydroquinone treatment.