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GlossaryKeratin 2

protein providing structural strength to skin, hair, and nails

Keratin 2 (KRT2) is a type of protein found in the outer layer of the skin, hair, and nails. It plays a crucial role in providing structural strength and resilience to these tissues, helping to protect them from damage and wear. Mutations in the KRT2 gene can lead to skin disorders such as ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens, which is characterized by blistering and scaling of the skin.

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The Human Type I Keratin Gene Family: Characterization of New Hair Follicle Specific Members and Evaluation of the Chromosome 17q21.2 Gene Domain

research The Human Type I Keratin Gene Family: Characterization of New Hair Follicle Specific Members and Evaluation of the Chromosome 17q21.2 Gene Domain

70 citations, December 2004 in “Differentiation”

The study identified and characterized new keratin genes linked to hair follicles and epithelial tissues.

research The Study on Biological Function of Keratin 26, a Novel Member of Liaoning Cashmere Goat Keratin Gene Family

14 citations, December 2016 in “PloS one”

Keratin 26 affects cashmere goat hair growth and is influenced by various treatments.

research Mechanisms of Hepatocyte Attachment to Keratin Biomaterials

53 citations, July 2011 in “Biomaterials”

Human liver cells stick to hair protein materials mainly through the liver's asialoglycoprotein receptor.

Deletion of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase 2 in FoxD1-Lineage Mesenchymal Cells Leads to Congenital Truncal Alopecia

research Deletion of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase 2 in FoxD1-Lineage Mesenchymal Cells Leads to Congenital Truncal Alopecia

March 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Removing a specific gene in certain skin cells causes hair loss on the body by disrupting normal hair development.

research Human Hair Keratin Hydrogel: Fabrication, Characterization, and Application

January 2014

Keratin hydrogels from human hair show promise for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

research Effects of Food-Derived Collagen Peptides on the Expression of Keratin and Keratin-Associated Protein Genes in Mouse Skin

11 citations, January 2015 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology”

Eating collagen peptides may help with skin and hair growth.

Efficacy and Safety of L-Cystine Associated or Not to a Natural Keratin (Kera-Diet) Hydrolysate on Hair and Nails: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial on Healthy Females

research Efficacy and Safety of L-Cystine Associated or Not to a Natural Keratin (Kera-Diet) Hydrolysate on Hair and Nails: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial on Healthy Females

January 2019 in “Journal of cosmetology & trichology”

L-Cystine and L-Cystine with Kera-Diet® safely improved hair and nail quality in healthy women.

research Association Analysis of Polymorphisms in Six Keratin Genes with Wool Traits in Sheep

17 citations, November 2017 in “Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences”

Certain gene mutations are linked to wool quality in sheep and could help in breeding for better wool.

research Keratin Function and Regulation in Tissue Homeostasis and Pathogenesis

7 citations, April 2012 in “Biomolecular concepts”

Keratin is crucial for keeping skin cells healthy and its changes can lead to diseases and affect cell behavior.

research Molecular Elements of the Regulatory Control of Keratin Filament Modulator AHF/Trichohyalin in the Hair Follicle

7 citations, July 2008 in “Experimental Dermatology”

The study concluded that a protein important for hair strength is regulated by certain molecular processes and is affected by growth phases.

research Penetration of Different Molecular Weight Hydrolysed Keratins into Hair Fibres and Their Effects on the Physical Properties of Textured Hair

7 citations, October 2020 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

Different sizes of keratin peptides can strengthen hair, with smaller ones possibly increasing volume and larger ones repairing damage.

research The Epidermis: Rising to the Surface

238 citations, October 1994 in “Current opinion in genetics & development”

The document concludes that recent research has improved understanding of skin diseases and the balance between cell growth and differentiation in the epidermis.

research Identification of Telogen Markers Underscores That Telogen Is Far from a Quiescent Hair Cycle Phase

21 citations, November 2011 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Telogen is an active phase with important biological processes, not a resting phase.

research Fabrication and Characterization of Epithelial Scaffolds for Hair Follicle Regeneration

4 citations, May 2012 in “Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine”

Scientists created three types of structures to help regrow hair follicles, and all showed promising results for hair regeneration.

research Superficial Epidermolytic Ichthyosis—Hypertrichosis as a Clue to Diagnosis

3 citations, September 2016 in “Pediatric Dermatology”

Hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth) can help diagnose superficial epidermolytic ichthyosis.

research Mutations in Homocysteine Metabolism Genes Increase Keratin N-Homocysteinylation and Damage in Mice

5 citations, September 2018 in “International journal of genomics”

Genetic mutations that disrupt homocysteine breakdown lead to increased damage in mouse hair keratin.

research Keratin Disorders: From Gene to Therapy

109 citations, September 2011 in “Human molecular genetics online/Human molecular genetics”

New treatments targeting specific genes show promise for treating keratin disorders.

research Evaluation of Gene Expression Patterns in Micrografts Demonstrates Induction of Catagen-Like Processes During Storage

5 citations, January 2017 in “Dermatologic Surgery”

Storing hair follicle micrografts for longer times can cause them to enter a state similar to the natural hair shedding phase, which might impact hair transplant results.

research A Kaleidoscope of Keratin Gene Expression and the Mosaic of Its Regulatory Mechanisms

3 citations, March 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Keratin protein production in cells is controlled by a complex system that changes with cell type, health, and conditions like injury or cancer.

research A Homozygous Missense Variant in K25 Underlying Overlapping Phenotype With Woolly Hair and Dental Anomalies

2 citations, August 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

A specific mutation in the K25 gene causes a rare genetic disorder with curly hair at birth and later hair loss, along with dental issues.

research Extraction and Formulation of Hydrolyzed Wool Keratin Solution for Hair Growth

December 2022 in “Deleted Journal”

Sheep wool keratin solution safely and effectively promotes hair growth.

research Understanding the Biochemical Properties of Human Hair Keratins: Self-Assembly Potential and Cell Response

January 2020

Human hair keratins can self-assemble and support cell growth, useful for biomedical applications.

research Mutations In AEC Syndrome Skin Reveal A Role For p63 In Basement Membrane Adhesion, Skin Barrier Integrity And Hair Follicle Biology

33 citations, February 2012 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Mutations in the p63 gene affect skin adhesion, barrier integrity, and hair growth.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Genetic Basis Underlying the Development of Skin Appendages and Immunity in Hedgehog (Atelerix Albiventris)

research Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Genetic Basis Underlying the Development of Skin Appendages and Immunity in Hedgehog (Atelerix Albiventris)

May 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

The study found that certain genes are important for hedgehog skin appendage development and immunity, with spines possibly evolving for protection and infection resistance.

research The Mechanisms of Fur Development and Color Formation in American Mink Revealed Using Comparative Transcriptomics

1 citations, November 2022 in “Animals”

The research found specific genes and pathways that control fur development and color in young American minks.

research Effects of FGF5-Mediated LncRNA on the Skin Fibroblast Growth of Liaoning Cashmere Goats

July 2023 in “Indian Journal of Animal Health”

FGF-5 promotes Cashmere goat hair growth by increasing keratin genes and reducing certain LncRNA and target genes.

research The Functional Diversity of Epidermal Keratins Revealed by the Partial Rescue of the Keratin 14 Null Phenotype by Keratin 16

53 citations, September 1999 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

K16 can partially replace K14 but causes hair loss and skin issues.