April 2018 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study demonstrated that prevascularized human skin constructs containing engineered hair follicles can successfully induce human hair growth when grafted onto mice by promoting blood supply to the grafted skin.
April 2026 in “Biomedical Materials” In this study, gold nanoparticle-conjugated curcumin and thymoquinone formulations were more effective against melanoma cells in 3D bioprinted scaffolds than free or co-administered phytochemicals, sustaining stress responses and overcoming tumor adaptation barriers.
56 citations
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October 2024 in “Advanced Materials” The researchers suggest that advancements in bioprinting technology are promising but still face challenges in achieving human-scale, clinically applicable tissue constructs.
February 2026 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This paper reviews advancements in 3D human skin models using bioprinting, organoid, and organ-on-a-chip technologies, noting improvements in physiological realism through vascularization and multi-omics data, but also highlighting challenges such as cost and lack of standardization that hinder clinical adoption.
14 citations
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April 2017 in “Scientific Reports” This study demonstrated that using a perfusion culture bioreactor and 3D spheroid culture can enhance corneal endothelial cell expansion and support the construction of tissue-engineered corneal endothelial layers in vitro.
This review highlights the potential of 3D bioprinting in developing functional, patient-specific artificial skin, addressing limitations of traditional skin grafts and advancing regenerative medicine applications.
This chapter reviews bioengineered human hair follicles and discusses the pros and cons of different 3-D bioprinting methods, but reports no new experimental findings.
69 citations
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June 2017 in “Experimental Biology and Medicine” This review discusses the advancements and challenges in developing in vitro human skin models incorporating components like vasculature for drug testing and disease research, but reports no new clinical results.
July 2026 in “Organoid Research” In this review, researchers summarize key factors in constructing skin organoids, including cell source and assembly methods, and emphasize advances such as air-liquid interface culture for improving tissue development, aiming to guide standardized protocols and future clinical applications.
43 citations
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July 2019 in “Stem Cells International” This review discusses advances and challenges in skin tissue engineering, focusing on developing 3D constructs for functional skin substitutes, and reports no new clinical results.
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” A single medium, PRIME AIRLIFT, supports better human hair follicle formation in grafts.
3 citations
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May 2017 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” Certain cells around hair follicles help improve skin regeneration for potential use in skin grafts.
1 citations
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September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” In this study, researchers used a CRISPR-based method to correct mutations in the COL7A1 gene in stem cells from RDEB patients, restoring normal collagen expression in engineered skin grafts in mice.
January 2026 in “Lab on a Chip” In this perspective, recent advances in regenerative medicine, including bioartificial substitutes and engineered in vitro platforms, are reviewed for their potential to restore human hair follicles, highlighting new technologies like 3D printing, hair-on-a-chip models, and stem cell-derived organoids.
August 2026 in “Regenerative Biomaterials” This review examines human-relevant in vitro models for studying pigmentation disorders, identifying both challenges and advancements in replicating human pigmentation processes and disease-specific pathology in vitro.
April 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” In this study, researchers demonstrated that using 3D spheroid formation and genetic modification significantly enhanced the hair-inducing capacity of human dermal papilla cells in engineered skin constructs.
184 citations
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December 2018 in “Nature Communications” This study demonstrated that enhancing human skin constructs with hair follicles through engineered cell organization and vascularization improved hair growth in immunodeficient mice, suggesting potential advances for treating alopecia and chronic wounds.
65 citations
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January 2021 in “Burns & Trauma” This study developed an in vitro model revealing that hair follicle spheroids enhanced both sweat gland and hair follicle differentiation within bioprinted scaffolds, while microenvironmental cues supported persistent regeneration.
April 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study demonstrated that gene-corrected 3D skin constructs from RDEB patient-derived iPSCs, grafted onto immunocompetent mice, showed normal collagen VII expression after two months.
February 2025 in “International Journal of Bioprinting” This study constructed a 3D-printed scaffold using sodium alginate, gelatin, and alginate lyase hydrogel, which supports hair follicle regeneration in artificial skin, suggesting a promising strategy for tissue-engineered skin with functional appendages.
16 citations
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August 2019 in “Cell Proliferation” This study found that 3D cultured hair follicle-like constructs, which include keratinocytes and dermal papilla cells, showed improved gene expression and cell interactions relevant to hair follicle development.
October 2021 in “QJM: An International Journal of Medicine” This study demonstrated that decellularization of rat lungs effectively removed cellular material while preserving the 3D extracellular matrix, which may aid future human lung tissue engineering.
January 2026 in “Wound Repair and Regeneration” This review summarizes the latest progress and challenges in skin organoid research, emphasizing advancements in organoid construction, applications in disease modeling, and factors affecting tissue maturation, while noting barriers such as vascularization and neural integration that hinder clinical translation.
48 citations
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December 2022 in “Biomolecules” This review discusses recent advancements in 3D bioprinting for skin regeneration and describes potential improvements for clinical applications, but it reports no new experimental results.
November 2024 in “Burns & Trauma” This review examines how skin organoids, derived from stem cells, are constructed to simulate skin functions and are pivotal in wound healing and regeneration, highlighting their promising roles in both research and therapeutic applications.
61 citations
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April 2021 in “Regenerative Biomaterials” In this mouse study, researchers reported that a 3D bioprinted hydrogel scaffold containing adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and nitric oxide enhanced burn wound healing by promoting neovascularization through the VEGF signaling pathway.
August 2023 in “European Journal of Plastic Surgery” This study found that although three-dimensional bioprinting in plastic and reconstructive surgery is rapidly advancing, complete tissue systems have not yet been successfully printed due to ongoing challenges.
3 citations
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June 2025 in “Wound Repair and Regeneration” This review highlights the global efforts and challenges in 3D bioprinting for developing skin substitutes, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols to enhance reproducibility and clinical applicability in wound healing and regeneration.
May 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” This study suggests that 3D bioprinting may become a practical solution for tissue regeneration and complex wound care, demonstrating improved outcomes over traditional methods in various applications.
May 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” This study demonstrates that 3D bioprinting is advancing toward practical use in reconstructive medicine, with promising results in personalized skin grafts, hair regeneration, and burn care, despite existing technical and ethical challenges.