Methods and Limitations of Augmenting Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapeutic Applications

This study reviewed methods to enhance the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, highlighting their self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. Recent advances included biochemical methods like priming with soluble factors and manipulating oxygen levels, as well as genetic and epigenetic modifications to improve MSC differentiation, migration, and proliferation. Physical methods such as three-dimensional cultures and alternative delivery systems were also explored to improve MSC engraftment and viability. Despite these advancements, unmodified MSCs showed limited benefits due to challenges with engraftment, viability, heterogeneity, and immunocompatibility, prompting ongoing research to enhance their functionality and potency.