9 citations
,
November 2007 in “Blood” This study found that a mutation in the Tmprss6 gene disrupts hepcidin regulation, leading to iron deficiency and alopecia in mice, highlighting TMPRSS6's vital role in iron absorption.
50 citations
,
July 2021 in “Nature Communications” This study found that the antiandrogen drug enzalutamide reduced TMPRSS2 levels and significantly decreased SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection in lung cells, supporting further clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment.
38 citations
,
January 2020 in “Cell Transplantation” This study found that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes were more highly expressed in tumors of elderly male cancer patients compared to healthy individuals, with notable differences across age and gender.
16 citations
,
August 2021 in “Tumor Biology” This review discusses the dual role of the TMPRSS2 gene in coronaviral lung infection and prostate cancer, cautioning against TMPRSS2 inhibitors for early prostate cancer due to potential pro-inflammatory effects.
5 citations
,
December 2021 in “Scientific Reports” In this study, researchers found that in mice, gonadal hormones and biological sex do not affect the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2 in the respiratory tract, regardless of disease state.
4 citations
,
June 2025 in “Medeniyet Medical Journal” This review explores the role of the TMPRSS2 gene in facilitating SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential as a therapeutic target in COVID-19 and other respiratory infections, highlighting challenges in developing selective inhibitors.
2 citations
,
June 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study demonstrated that the antiandrogen drug enzalutamide may reduce TMPRSS2 levels in human lung cells and mouse lungs, supporting its potential as a COVID-19 treatment option.
1 citations
,
January 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study found that the antiandrogens enzalutamide and bicalutamide reduced SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection in human lung cells by lowering TMPRSS2 levels, suggesting their potential as COVID-19 treatments and supporting clinical trials.
January 2026 in “Journal of Contemporary Medicine” This narrative review explores mechanisms linking COVID-19 with hair loss, highlighting how cytokine-mediated inflammation, androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 expression, and direct follicular injury contribute to the condition. It suggests that vitamin D could potentially mitigate this hair loss by suppressing inflammation and viral entry, warranting further research.
This study suggests that finasteride might reduce SARS-COV-2 infectivity by inducing epigenetic changes in the TMPRss2 protein, which is crucial for viral activation and multiplication.
30 citations
,
February 2021 in “Journal of Medical Virology” This review discusses the role of the TMPRSS2 gene in SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility and outcomes, highlighting its differential expression in ethnic groups and potential as a target for COVID-19 treatments, but reports no new results.
77 citations
,
July 2020 in “European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology” This review explores potential early-stage pharmacologic interventions for COVID-19 by targeting virus entry into host cells, identifying several existing drugs for further investigation, but reports no new clinical results.
9 citations
,
June 2023 in “Human Genomics” This study found that higher levels of AR expression are linked to a decreased risk of severe COVID-19 in females, and identified ACE2, MX1, and TMPRSS2 as important molecular markers for COVID-19 management.
This study found that mutations in the TMPRSS6 gene affect the ability of matriptase-2 to inhibit hepcidin, which may impact the molecular pathogenesis of iron-refractory iron-deficiency anemia.
228 citations
,
January 2021 in “Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology” This review explores possible reasons for why male COVID-19 patients experience more severe symptoms and higher fatality rates than female patients but provides no new clinical results.
224 citations
,
February 2013 in “The Journal of clinical investigation/The journal of clinical investigation” This study identifies SOX9 as a critical downstream effector of ERG in TMPRSS2:ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer, indicating its role in tumor invasion and growth.
176 citations
,
May 2020 in “Dermatologic Therapy” This review discusses the cutaneous symptoms associated with COVID-19 and their potential use in diagnosing and assessing the severity of the disease, but it reports no new clinical results.
123 citations
,
May 2020 in “Drug Development Research” This article argues that androgen sensitivity could be a key factor in the severity of COVID-19, suggesting that trials with anti-androgen agents may be warranted.
121 citations
,
November 2020 in “Endocrine” This review discusses evidence on androgen sensitivity as a potential factor in COVID-19 disease severity, suggesting that androgen receptor interactions could influence virus entry and progression, and reports no new clinical results.
82 citations
,
June 2020 in “Inflammation Research” This review discusses the complex pathophysiological and clinical aspects of COVID-19, including dermatological findings and their association with SARS-CoV-2 infection but reports no new clinical results.
80 citations
,
June 2020 in “Dermatopathology” This review discusses the various skin lesions associated with COVID-19, which vary in type and severity, and reports that these lesions can appear before other symptoms and typically resolve spontaneously.
59 citations
,
October 2020 in “Stem Cell Reviews and Reports” This review discusses potential mechanisms contributing to higher COVID-19 mortality among men, particularly the roles of smoking, genetic factors, and reproductive hormones, without presenting new clinical findings.
58 citations
,
December 2020 in “Mayo Clinic Proceedings” This paper discusses the variability in COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, emphasizing factors like biological differences and suggesting potential precision medicine approaches, but it reports no new clinical results.
42 citations
,
June 2020 in “Seminars in Oncology” This article reviews sex disparities in COVID-19 outcomes and explores the influence of sex hormones on disease severity, but it reports no new results; further studies are ongoing.
40 citations
,
October 2020 in “Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews” This review discusses the potential role of androgens in increasing susceptibility to severe COVID-19 complications in men but presents no new clinical findings.
38 citations
,
May 2021 in “International Journal of Infectious Diseases” This study found that lower testosterone levels in male COVID-19 patients were associated with greater disease severity and longer hospital stays.
38 citations
,
December 2009 in “Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology” This discussion proposes a model to incorporate patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer into the existing framework by redefining hormone resistance and exploring new therapeutic approaches.
36 citations
,
July 2020 in “Frontiers in Medicine” Spironolactone might help protect against severe lung problems in COVID-19 patients.
34 citations
,
September 2020 in “BMC Endocrine Disorders” This review highlights that while dexamethasone may reduce mortality in severe COVID-19, no other drugs have proven effectiveness for treatment, emphasizing the need for clinical trials of existing medications.
23 citations
,
February 2021 in “Journal of Endocrinological Investigation” This review discusses the impact of COVID-19 on the endocrine system and reports no clinical results; the authors emphasize the need to investigate endocrine damage during and after COVID-19 infection.