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Glossary Protein Kinase C

enzymes that regulate various cellular functions by phosphorylating proteins

Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in several cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). These enzymes are activated by signals such as increases in the concentration of calcium ions or diacylglycerol (DAG), and they function by phosphorylating various target proteins, thereby altering their activity. PKC is significant in many physiological and pathological processes, making it a key focus in research related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.

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research Nagashima-Type Palmoplantar Keratosis: A Common Asian Type Caused by SERPINB7 Protease Inhibitor Deficiency

24 citations , July 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study reports that a widespread founder SERPINB7 mutation underlies Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis, which is a common form of palmoplantar keratosis in Asian populations.

research Mammalian keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs) subgenomes: disentangling hair diversity and adaptation to terrestrial and aquatic environments

65 citations , September 2014 in “BMC genomics”

This research found that variations in the KRTAP gene family are likely responsible for the diverse hair phenotypes seen among mammals, influenced by gene repertoire differences, expression, and evolutionary factors.

Hair Keratin Associated Proteins: Characterization of a Second High Sulfur KAP Gene Domain on Human Chromosome 21 in Fond Memory of Dr. Peter Steinert

research Hair Keratin Associated Proteins: Characterization of a Second High Sulfur KAP Gene Domain on Human Chromosome 2111In fond memory of Dr Peter Steinert.

62 citations , January 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified 16 novel high sulfur KAP genes and two KAP pseudogenes on chromosome 21q23, showing expression in a specific region of the hair fiber cuticle.

Proteomic Tools for the Investigation of Human Hair Structural Proteins and Evidence of Weakness Sites on Hair Keratin Coil Segments

research Proteomic tools for the investigation of human hair structural proteins and evidence of weakness sites on hair keratin coil segments

38 citations , October 2011 in “Analytical biochemistry”

This study used proteomic techniques to analyze human hair proteins, revealing keratin heterogeneity and identifying posttranslational modifications, such as cysteine trioxidation and methylation.

research Diversity of Trichocyte Keratins and Keratin Associated Proteins

16 citations , January 2018 in “Advances in experimental medicine and biology”

This review discusses the diversity of keratins and keratin-associated proteins in wool and hair, noting significant variation in their families, with no new results reported; the authors detail known protein structures without experimental findings.

research Ultrastructural localization of hair keratins, high sulfur keratin-associated proteins and sulfhydryl oxidase in the human hair

9 citations , February 2016 in “Anatomical Science International”

Hair proteins change location and structure as hair cells mature.

research Wool fiber curvature is correlated with abundance of K38 and specific keratin‐associated proteins

3 citations , December 2021 in “Proteins”

This study found that straight crimp mutant wool differs from crimpy wool in the layout of cortical cells and the relative proportions of keratin and keratin-associated proteins.

research The Proteins of Normal and Aberrant Hair Keratins

23 citations , January 1981

This article reviews the composition and structure of mammalian hard keratins, focusing on the filamentous and nonfilamentous protein content, and reports no new experimental results.

research The keratin proteins and genes of wool and hair.

15 citations , January 1996 in “Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)”

This review discusses the structural knowledge of wool keratin proteins and genes, reports no new findings, and highlights promising directions such as keratin gene regulation.

research Immunogenicity of Hair Proteins Containing Hard Keratins.

2 citations , January 2004 in “Sen i Gakkaishi”

This study suggests that human hard keratin proteins may be biocompatible materials, unlikely to cause rejection or allergic reactions based on their antigenicity in BALB/c mice.

research The role of keratin proteins and their genes in the growth, structure and properties of hair

228 citations , January 1997 in “Birkhäuser Basel eBooks”

This article integrates existing literature on hair follicle structure and formation at the cellular and molecular level, reporting no new findings.

research Immunological characteristics and histological distribution of human hair fibrous proteins studied with anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibodies HKN-2, HKN-4, and HKN-6.

52 citations , February 1986 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry”

This study found that monoclonal antibodies can identify specific immunological characteristics of hair fibrous proteins, with some antibodies reacting only with hair proteins and others showing broader activity with skin and epithelial cells.

research Keratinocyte-Specific Onset of Serine Protease BSSP Expression in Experimental Carcinogenesis

26 citations , September 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that the serine protease BSSP is strongly expressed in mouse skin during carcinogenesis and is upregulated independently of c-Fos and unaffected by glucocorticoids.

research Human Hair Keratin‐Associated Proteins (KAPs)

226 citations , January 2006 in “International review of cytology”

Keratin-associated proteins are crucial for hair strength and structure.

research Human Hair Keratin-Associated Proteins

71 citations , August 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

This study revealed that human keratin-associated protein genes are expressed in specific patterns in hair fiber regions and vary in size, with some variations distinct across different populations.

research Cornification in reptilian epidermis occurs through the deposition of keratin‐associated beta‐proteins (beta‐keratins) onto a scaffold of intermediate filament keratins

33 citations , October 2012 in “Journal of Morphology”

This study identified the distribution of keratin-associated proteins during cornification in the epidermis of reptiles, revealing unique structural characteristics in sauropsid keratin proteins compared to other vertebrates.

research Location of keratin-associated proteins in developing fiber cuticle cells using immunoelectron microscopy

10 citations , January 2010 in “International journal of trichology”

This study found that keratin-associated proteins form part of the developing exocuticle and a-layer in hair fiber cuticle cells, while cornified envelope proteins were absent.

research Keratin Gene Expression Differences in Wool Follicles and Sequence Diversity of High Glycine-Tyrosine Keratin-Associated Proteins (Kaps) in Magra Sheep of India

9 citations , December 2018 in “Journal of Natural Fibers”

This study found that K33A was significantly upregulated in lustrous Magra wool follicles, while other keratin and KAP genes showed downregulation, impacting wool's physical properties like luster.

research An Investigation of Hair and its Keratin Associated Proteins using Advanced Light Microscopy

January 2019 in “Durham e-Theses (Durham University)”

This study utilized advanced imaging techniques to quantify hair damage and dye uptake dynamics, revealing that compound penetration in hair is influenced by molecule size and lipophilicity.

research IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF KERATIN PROTEINS IN KERATOACANTHOMAS OF THE SKIN

2 citations , March 1994 in “Oncology Reports”

This study suggests that keratin expression in keratoacanthomas resembles that in the upper part of hair follicles, implying a potential origin, but it is indistinguishable from squamous cell carcinomas in terms of keratin reactivity.

research The proteomics of keratin proteins

62 citations , August 2006 in “Journal of Chromatography B”

This article reviews the challenges in studying keratin proteins and emphasizes the potential of modern proteomic techniques to advance their research, but it reports no new findings.

research Existence of trichohyalin-keratohyalin hybrid granules: Co-localization of two major intermediate filament-associated proteins in non-follicular epithelia

54 citations , November 1994 in “Differentiation”

This study found that trichohyalin is expressed in various normal and pathological epithelia beyond hair follicle cells, where it is uniquely associated with filaggrin, suggesting a specific role in aggregating K6/K16-containing intermediate filaments.

research Keratins: Dynamic, flexible structural proteins of epithelial cells

13 citations , May 2001 in “Current problems in dermatology”

Keratin proteins in epithelial cells are dynamic and crucial for cell processes and disease understanding.

research Immunolocalization of junctional proteins in human hairs indicates that the membrane complex stabilizes the inner root sheath while desmosomes contact the companion layer through specific keratins

12 citations , January 2013 in “Acta Histochemica”

Junctional proteins stabilize the inner root sheath and connect the companion layer in human hair.

research Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of human hair keratins, especially hair matrix proteins

10 citations , January 1989 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

The method effectively analyzes human hair proteins, especially nonfilamentous ones.

research Differential expression of keratin and keratin associated proteins are linked with hair loss condition in spontaneously mutated inbred mice

November 2024 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

In this study, researchers observed that mutant mice with a genetic hair loss condition exhibited significant differential expression of genes related to keratinization and hair follicle formation, providing insights into potential strategies for understanding and treating alopecia.

Differential Expression of Keratin and Keratin-Associated Proteins Linked with Hair Loss in Spontaneously Mutated Inbred Mice

research Differential expression of keratin and keratin associated proteins are linked with hair loss condition in spontaneously mutated inbred mice

July 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

In this study, researchers observed that spontaneously mutated mice with a hair loss phenotype exhibited significant differential expression of genes related to keratinization and hair follicle formation, suggesting these mice could model human alopecia for future research and treatment development.

The Lysosomal Protease Cathepsin L Is an Important Regulator of Keratinocyte and Melanocyte Differentiation During Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Cycling

research The Lysosomal Protease Cathepsin L Is an Important Regulator of Keratinocyte and Melanocyte Differentiation During Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Cycling

146 citations , May 2002 in “The American journal of pathology”

This study found that cathepsin L deficiency in mice led to significant abnormalities in hair follicle development and cycling, including disrupted hair shaft outgrowth and premature hair growth phase entry.

research A novel purification procedure for keratin-associated proteins and keratin from human hair

54 citations , January 2013 in “Journal of Biological Macromolecules”

This study proposes a new method to selectively isolate keratin-associated proteins and keratin from human hair, suggesting that KAPs may support keratin fibers in hair structure.

research Human hair keratin-associated proteins: Sequence regularities and structural implications

52 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

This study identified two key pentapeptide quasi-repeats in human keratin-associated proteins, which are similar to motifs found in sheep wool.