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Glossary Procyanidin

type of plant compound with antioxidant and hair growth benefits

Procyanidin is a type of flavonoid found in various plants, including apples, grapes, and cocoa. It has antioxidant properties and has been studied for its potential health benefits, including promoting hair growth by stimulating hair follicles and improving blood circulation to the scalp.

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Procyanidin Oligomers Selectively and Intensively Promote Proliferation of Mouse Hair Epithelial Cells In Vitro and Activate Hair Follicle Growth In Vivo

research Procyanidin Oligomers Selectively and Intensively Promote Proliferation of Mouse Hair Epithelial Cells In Vitro and Activate Hair Follicle Growth In Vivo11The authors disclosed conflict of interest.

79 citations , March 1999 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that procyanidin oligomers, particularly dimers and trimers, significantly promoted hair growth in mice and hair epithelial cell cultures, suggesting potential use as hair growth agents.

research Procyanidin B-2, extracted from apples, promotes hair growth: a laboratory study

37 citations , January 2002 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This study found that procyanidin B-2 may promote hair growth by reducing expression and inhibiting translocation of PKC isozymes in murine hair epithelial cells.

Procyanidin B-3, Isolated from Barley and Identified as a Hair-Growth Stimulant, Has the Potential to Counteract Inhibitory Regulation by TGF-β1

research Procyanidin B‐3, isolated from barley and identified as a hair‐growth stimulant, has the potential to counteract inhibitory regulation by TGF‐β1

36 citations , December 2002 in “Experimental dermatology”

This study found that procyanidin B-3, a compound isolated from barley extract, may promote hair growth by enhancing hair epithelial cell growth and counteracting TGF-β1's growth-inhibiting effects in vitro and in vivo.

research Investigation of topical application of procyanidin B-2 from apple to identify its potential use as a hair growing agent

32 citations , December 2000 in “Phytomedicine”

In this study, 1% procyanidin B-2 tonic significantly increased the number of total and terminal hairs on the scalp of male participants compared to a placebo after 6 months of use.

research Several Selective Protein Kinase C Inhibitors Including Procyanidins Promote Hair Growth

32 citations , January 2000 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology”

In this study, procyanidin B-2 and C-1 were found to promote hair growth by selectively inhibiting protein kinase C, supporting their potential use for hair-growing activity.

research Toxicological Studies on Procyanidin B-2 for Extern?al Application as a Hair Growing Agent

30 citations , May 1999 in “Food and chemical toxicology”

This study suggests that topical procyanidin B-2 is safe for use as a hair growth agent, as it showed no mutagenic effects or significant irritation in a series of toxicological tests.

Investigation of the Topical Application of Procyanidin Oligomers from Apples to Identify Their Potential Use as a Hair-Growing Agent

research Investigation of the topical application of procyanidin oligomers from apples to identify their potential use as a hair‐growing agent

28 citations , December 2005 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology”

This study found that 0.7% apple procyanidin oligomers applied externally for six months significantly increased hair growth in men with male pattern baldness compared to placebo, with no observed adverse effects.

research The first clinical trial of topical application of procyanidin B‐2 to investigate its potential as a hair growing agent

26 citations , June 2001 in “PTR. Phytotherapy research/Phytotherapy research”

This study reported that a 1% procyanidin B-2 tonic increased hair diameter and density in men with male pattern baldness, suggesting it may be a potential treatment option.

research Procyanidins attenuate neuropathic pain by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9/2

22 citations , June 2018 in “Journal of Neuroinflammation”

This study found that procyanidins effectively alleviate neuropathic pain in mice by significantly inhibiting MMP-9/2 activity.

Procyanidin Oligomers Counteract TGF-β1- and TGF-β2-Induced Apoptosis in Hair Epithelial Cells: An Insight into Their Mechanisms

research Procyanidin Oligomers Counteract TGF-β₁- and TGF-β₂-Induced Apoptosis in Hair Epithelial Cells: An Insight into Their Mechanisms

14 citations , January 2006 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology”

This study found that procyanidin oligomers from apples and barley may stimulate hair growth by promoting hair epithelial cell proliferation and protecting them from apoptosis via MEK activation in a murine model.

research Effect of procyandin oligomers on oxidative hair damage

10 citations , January 2011 in “Skin research and technology”

This study found that procyanidin oligomers bind to keratin and inhibit oxidative hair damage, suggesting their potential use in protective hair care products.

African Baobab (Adansonia Digitata) Fruit as a Promising Source of Procyanidins

research African baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit as promising source of procyanidins

5 citations , February 2020 in “European Food Research and Technology”

This study provides a detailed profile of bioactive polyphenols in various parts of the baobab fruit, highlighting its potential as a health-promoting food or supplement.

research Procyanidin B-2 and the hair-growing activity of proanthocyanidins

1 citations , January 2001 in “Cosmetics and toiletries”

This study found that purified apple juice containing procyanidin B-2 promoted hair growth in both mouse models and human clinical trials for male pattern baldness.

research Progress on study of pharmacological effects of procyanidins

1 citations , March 2009 in “China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica”

This review discusses the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of procyanidins, noting its roles in antioxidation, cardiovascular protection, and more, but reports no new clinical results.

research Studies on the biological actions of procyanidins and phosphatidic acids on the hair follicles : experimental approaches

January 2006

Procyanidins and phosphatidic acids help promote hair growth.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Procyanidin B2 and Placebo in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

research Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of topical procyanidin b2 and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men; A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

January 2022 in “Turk Dermatoloji Dergisi”

This placebo-controlled study found that topical procyanidin B2 significantly increased total and anagen hair counts in men with androgenetic alopecia over 16 weeks compared to placebo, suggesting it as an effective and safe treatment option.

Oligomeric Procyanidins in Apple Polyphenol Are Main Active Components for Inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase and Triglyceride Absorption

research Oligomeric Procyanidins in Apple Polyphenol Are Main Active Components for Inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase and Triglyceride Absorption

282 citations , April 2007 in “Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry”

This study found that apple polyphenol extract, particularly oligomeric procyanidins, inhibited pancreatic lipase activity and reduced triglyceride absorption in both mice and humans.

A Semisynthetic Approach for the Simultaneous Reaction of Grape Seed Polymeric Procyanidins with Catechin and Epicatechin to Obtain Oligomeric Procyanidins in Large Scale

research A semisynthetic approach for the simultaneous reaction of grape seed polymeric procyanidins with catechin and epicatechin to obtain oligomeric procyanidins in large scale

9 citations , April 2019 in “Food Chemistry”

This study developed an efficient method for converting polymeric procyanidins into high-purity oligomeric procyanidins using a semisynthetic approach combined with separation techniques.

research Biological actions of oligomeric procyanidins: Proliferation of epithelial cells and hair follicle growth

8 citations , January 2001 in “Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology”

This article discusses methods to evaluate hair growth stimulants and reports no new clinical results; the authors highlight the need for more precise identification of stem cell sites in hair follicles.

research A Pilot Study of a Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract for Lung Cancer Chemoprevention

13 citations , May 2019 in “Cancer Prevention Research”

This study found that a three-month regimen of leucoselect phytosome, a grape seed extract complex, was well tolerated and significantly reduced bronchial proliferation markers in heavy active and former smokers.

research Studies on a hair growth stimulant,procyanidin B-2

January 2002

Early Plant Growth and Biochemical Responses Induced by Azospirillum Brasilense Sp245 Lipopolysaccharides in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Seedlings Are Attenuated by Procyanidin B2

research Early plant growth and biochemical responses induced by Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 lipopolysaccharides in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings are attenuated by procyanidin B2

11 citations , March 2018 in “Protoplasma”

In this laboratory study, procyanidin B2 inhibited early plant growth and biochemical responses in wheat seedlings treated with lipopolysaccharides from Azospirillum brasilense, suggesting that plant response activation requires LPS recognition by plant cells.

research Multifunctional DNA Hydrogels with Hydrocolloid‐Cotton Structure for Regeneration of Diabetic Infectious Wounds

83 citations , September 2021 in “Advanced functional materials”

This study introduced a multifunctional DNA hydrogel dressing that may enhance wound healing by promoting tissue regeneration, nerve repair, and immune response in diabetic infectious wounds.

research Therapeutic strategies for treating hair loss

42 citations , March 2006 in “Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies”

This article discusses the need for rational strategies in developing hair loss drugs targeting specific events in hair follicle cycling, reporting no clinical findings but emphasizing the importance of understanding molecular controls.

research Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Alopecia: A Comprehensive Review

40 citations , August 2018 in “Skin appendage disorders”

This review examines complementary and alternative medicine for alopecia and finds limited support from robust clinical trials, highlighting the need for standardized studies to evaluate efficacy and safety.

research Polyphenols from the Heartwood ofCercidiphyllum japonicumand their Effects on Proliferation of Mouse Hair Epithelial Cells

26 citations , November 2002 in “Planta medica”

In this study, the methanol extract of Cercidiphyllum japonicum heartwood was found to stimulate the proliferation of mouse hair epithelial cells, with several isolated compounds showing significant proliferative activities.

research Topically used herbal products for the treatment of hair loss: preclinical and clinical studies

25 citations , July 2017 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

This review summarizes preclinical and clinical information on herbal products for hair loss treatment, highlighting their mechanisms, follicular penetration, and potential side effects, suggesting they may offer alternatives to synthetic drugs with fewer side effects.

research Protective Role of Nutritional Plants Containing Flavonoids in Hair Follicle Disruption: A Review

24 citations , January 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review discusses the potential benefits of flavonoid-containing botanicals, such as Panax ginseng, in reducing hair loss and promoting hair growth, but reports no new experimental results.

research Inhibitory Effects of Apple Polyphenols on Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Cells into Adipocytes.

18 citations , January 2000 in “Food Science and Technology Research”

In this study, partially purified apple polyphenols were found to inhibit preadipocyte differentiation in mouse cells by reducing GPDH activity and triglyceride accumulation.

A Systematic Review on Topical Marketed Formulations, Natural Products, and Oral Supplements to Prevent Androgenic Alopecia

research A Systemic Review on Topical Marketed Formulations, Natural Products, and Oral Supplements to Prevent Androgenic Alopecia: A Review

14 citations , October 2020 in “Natural Products and Bioprospecting”

This review discusses current topical treatments, natural products, and complementary therapies for androgenetic alopecia, but it reports no new clinical results.