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Did you mean Phase II metabolism?

Glossary Phase II metabolism

body adds molecules to drugs/toxins for easier excretion

Phase II metabolism, also known as conjugation reactions, is a process where the body adds a molecule to a drug or toxin to make it more water-soluble and easier to excrete. This phase typically follows Phase I metabolism, which involves the modification of the substance. By making these compounds more water-soluble, the body can more efficiently eliminate them through urine or bile, reducing their potential toxicity.

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research Novel aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibitor affects androgen metabolism but not ovarian function in healthy women: a phase 1 study

8 citations , June 2023 in “European Journal of Endocrinology”

This study identified serum androsterone as a robust biomarker for monitoring response to AKR1C3 inhibitor treatment in women and found that a 4-week administration of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibitors did not impact ovarian function.

research CERTAIN PHASES OF SULFUR METABOLISM OF THE SKIN

15 citations , October 1936 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This article reviews the role of sulfhydryl compounds, particularly cystine, in sulfur metabolism and the physiology of skin in both normal and pathological conditions, reporting no new findings.

research Contribution à l'étude du lien entre Annonaceae et parkinsonisme : identification et quantification d'acétogénines par déréplication; métabolisation de phase I et approche de la distribution de l'annonacine

February 2012

This review explores the mechanisms and clinical applications of thymosin β4, highlighting its potential in various medical fields, but it presents no new research findings.

research Chapter 14 Principles of drug metabolism

2 citations , January 1997 in “Principles of Medical Biology”

This article reviews the role of enzymatic processes in drug and toxin metabolism, emphasizing their impact on solubility and elimination, without presenting new clinical findings.

research METABOLIC DISOEDEKS AND HAIE GEOWTH

15 citations , January 1971 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Hair can indicate early signs of metabolic disorders, with issues like protein deficiency stopping hair growth.

research 266 Glycogen metabolism and Cori cycle in human hair follicles

September 2017 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study suggests that the outer root sheath of human hair follicles may act as a "metabolic center," capable of synthesizing glucose from lactate, which supports glycogen metabolism.

research The effect of St. John’s wort treatment on finasteride pharmacokinetics and identification of new phase I and phase II metabolites in humans

January 2008

St. John’s wort changes how finasteride works in the body, possibly affecting its effectiveness.

research Identification of Telogen Markers Underscores that Telogen Is Far from a Quiescent Hair Cycle Phase

21 citations , November 2011 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that telogen, a resting phase of the hair follicle cycle, is characterized by dynamic gene expression, including enhanced cholesterol metabolism and immune signaling, suggesting it is an active regulatory phase despite its quiescent appearance.

research A novel and safe small molecule enhances hair follicle regeneration by facilitating metabolic reprogramming

19 citations , December 2018 in “Experimental and Molecular Medicine”

This study reports that the novel small molecule IM176OUT05, by modifying stem cell metabolism, promoted hair regrowth and increased hair follicle numbers in mice.

Dendrobium Officinale Polysaccharide Improves Hair Regrowth in Androgenetic Alopecia Mice and Is Associated with Coordinated Changes in Local Steroid Metabolism, ESR1 Activation, and Keratin-Related Follicular Responses

research Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide improves hair regrowth in androgenetic alopecia mice and is associated with coordinated changes in local steroid metabolism, ESR1 activation, and keratin-related follicular responses

May 2026 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

In this study, DOP treatment improved hair regrowth in androgenetic alopecia by altering local steroid metabolism and follicular morphology.

research 1332 Understanding the role of glycogen metabolism in human hair follicle biology

April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study suggests that human hair follicles may operate their own Cori cycle, synthesizing glycogen from lactate under conditions of lactic acidosis.

research Androgenetic alopecia and metabolic syndrome: from mechanisms to treatment strategies

July 2025 in “Chinese Journal of Dermatology”

This commentary reviews the link between androgenetic alopecia and metabolic syndrome and explores potential therapeutic strategies, but reports no new clinical results.

research Cutaneous Metabolism of Vitamin B-6

26 citations , February 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that cutaneous pyridoxal 5'-phosphate hydrolase activity may be carried out by an enzyme different from the classical tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase in human and mouse skin.

research Effect of Free Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Anagen Induction: Metabolic or Inflammatory Aspect?

March 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This study observed that topical application of palmitate or oleate accelerated the onset of the hair growth phase in mice, whereas glycolysis end product lactate delayed it, suggesting metabolic regulation as a promising approach for influencing hair growth.

research Metabolic and cellular analysis of alopecia in vitamin D receptor knockout mice

137 citations , April 2001 in “Journal of Clinical Investigation”

This study found that alopecia in VDR-null mice persists despite undetectable vitamin D levels, indicating a defect in epithelial-mesenchymal communication due to the absence of ligand-independent receptor function.

research Rebamipide Induces Hair Regeneration Through EP4-Driven Lipid Metabolism Remodeling

October 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This study found that topical rebamipide, originally a gastric ulcer medication, can activate hair follicle stem cells and promote hair regeneration by modulating dermal adipocyte metabolism, with potential targeting of the prostaglandin E receptor EP4.

research 1032 Characterization of the human scalp hair follicle microbiome reveals differential spatial distribution, abundance and viability of intrafollicular microbiota and modulation of hair growth and metabolism by staphylococcus epidermidis

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Staphylococcus epidermidis affects hair growth and metabolism, suggesting it could help manage hair growth issues.

Estrogens and Human Scalp Hair Growth: More Questions Than Answers

research Estrogens and Human Scalp Hair Growth—Still More Questions than Answers

44 citations , March 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study observed that in vitro treatment of male frontotemporal scalp hair follicles with 17-β-estradiol stimulated hair shaft generation and hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation, suggesting potential anagen-prolonging effects.

research Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) But Not Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (a-MSH) as a Mediator of Adrenalectomy Induced Hair Growth in Mink

16 citations , April 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

ACTH promotes hair growth in mink, but α-MSH does not.

research Shedding light on cashmere goat hair follicle biology: from morphology analyses to transcriptomic landascape

8 citations , July 2020 in “BMC genomics”

In this study, ceruloplasmin and keratin 4 were identified as markers that differentiate between growing and resting phases in cashmere goat hair follicles, with keratin 4 being a potential marker for the onset of a new hair cycle.

research Identification of Metabolites for the Novel 5α‐Reductase Inhibitor Epristeride In Vitro and Its Potential Impact on Doping Testing

November 2025 in “Drug Testing and Analysis”

This study investigated the metabolic pathways of epristeride, a new Type II 5α‐reductase inhibitor, using in vitro models and found that its metabolites show significant interactions with key proteins, suggesting implications for its role in doping control.

research The Hair Follicle as an Estrogen Target and Source

159 citations , July 2006 in “Endocrine Reviews”

This article discusses the influence of estrogens on hair follicle growth and metabolism, suggesting a significant role alongside androgens in hair growth control but reports no new clinical results.

research Photobiomodulation for the management of alopecia: mechanisms of action, patient selection and perspectives

34 citations , September 2019 in “Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology”

This review covers the use of photobiomodulation devices for hair regrowth in various types of alopecia and reports no new clinical results.

research Human hair follicles operate an internal Cori cycle and modulate their growth via glycogen phosphorylase

30 citations , October 2021 in “Scientific Reports”

This study found that human scalp hair follicles can internally operate a Cori cycle, synthesize glycogen in the presence of lactate, and modulate growth through glycogen phosphorylase activity.

Integral Roles of Specific Proteoglycans in Hair Growth and Hair Loss: Mechanisms Behind the Bioactivity of Proteoglycan Replacement Therapy with Nourkrin with Marilex in Pattern Hair Loss and Telogen Effluvium

research Integral Roles of Specific Proteoglycans in Hair Growth and Hair Loss: Mechanisms behind the Bioactivity of Proteoglycan Replacement Therapy with Nourkrin® with Marilex® in Pattern Hair Loss and Telogen Effluvium

10 citations , May 2020 in “Dermatology Research and Practice”

This review discusses "follicular hypoglycania" as a potential pathology in hair growth disorders and reports that proteoglycan replacement therapy may improve hair loss treatments, though it presents no new clinical trial results.

research Novel complex of cosmetic ingredients with promising action in preventing hair loss and follicular aging through mechanism involving enrichment of WNT/signaling, mitochondrial activity, and stem cells maintenance

8 citations , November 2020 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

This preclinical study observed that a nanoencapsulated ingredient complex, AcPi, may prevent hair follicle aging and hair loss by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial activity and WNT/β-catenin signaling, and controlling androgenic metabolism when tested on human scalp cultures.

research Considerations on Hair Research and Hair Growth

7 citations , January 1981 in “Springer eBooks”

The document concludes that hair biology is complex and there are still unanswered questions about hair loss and follicle changes.

research Review: Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Sampo Berbagai Herbal Penyubur Rambut

4 citations , April 2021 in “Majalah Farmasetika”

This review discusses formulations and evaluation of herbal shampoos for hair growth stimulation, finding licorice extract shampoo to be the most effective, and reports no new clinical results.

research Hair growth stimulation by a Natural Remedy: Animal Studies

1 citations , February 2018 in “Madridge journal of dermatology & research”

In this study, Satura® Rosta remedy was found to significantly increase hair follicle size, hair root volume, and skin thickness in mice, potentially by prolonging the anagen phase, with notable hair regrowth observed in older mice with alopecia.

research Viewpoint 7

1 citations , December 2006 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This review discusses the multifunctional role of subcutaneous adipocytes, their contribution to metabolic and pathological processes, and reports no new experimental results; it suggests potential protective roles against metabolic syndrome.