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Glossary Keratinization

process where skin cells produce keratin and become tough

Keratinization, also known as cornification, is the biological process by which keratin, a protective protein, is produced and accumulated in cells of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. This process results in the formation of a tough, protective layer of dead cells that helps to prevent water loss and protect against environmental damage, pathogens, and physical abrasion.

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research Outer root sheath keratinization in anagen and catagen of the mammalian hair follicle. A seventh distinct type of keratinization in the hair follicle: trichilemmal keratinization.

59 citations , August 1981 in “PubMed”

This study describes trichilemmal keratinization as a distinct process of hair follicle keratinization that occurs in specific areas of the outer root sheath, illustrated using electron microscopy on dog hair.

research Keratinisation status and cytokeratins of the human Meibomian gland epithelium

5 citations , September 2009 in “Acta Ophthalmologica”

This study found that the Meibomian gland shares structural and cytokeratin composition similarities with hair follicles, and plays a role in hyper-keratinisation observed in obstructive Meibomian gland dysfunction.

research Disorders of Keratinization

November 2014

This chapter reviews various skin disorders classified as Mendelian disorders of cornification and reports no new clinical findings, highlighting the complexity of genetics involved in inherited ichthyoses.

research Keratinization and its Disorders

95 citations , September 2012 in “Oman Medical Journal”

This review discusses the structure, types, and distribution of keratins and their role in tissue fragility disorders, particularly within the oral cavity, without presenting new clinical findings.

research Increased expression of keratin 16 causes anomalies in cytoarchitecture and keratinization in transgenic mouse skin.

94 citations , October 1994 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

This study demonstrates that overexpression of K16 in transgenic mice disrupts normal keratinization, leading to hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and alterations in the skin's epithelial cells.

research Patterns of epithelial expression of Fos protein suggest important role in the transition from viable to cornified cell during keratinization

83 citations , February 1991 in “Development”

This study found that Fos protein expression is closely linked to epithelial cell differentiation, particularly during cornification and cell death, with overexpression observed in keratinization-blocked mutant epidermis.

research Structural and Immunocytochemical Characterization of Keratinization in Vertebrate Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives

82 citations , January 2006 in “International review of cytology”

Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.

research The Process of Cornification Evolved From the Initial Keratinization in the Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives of Vertebrates: A New Synthesis and the Case of Sauropsids

73 citations , January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology”

Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.

research Embryonic keratinization in vertebrates in relation to land colonization

44 citations , May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica”

This study explains how the development of keratin-associated proteins in embryonic epidermis is crucial for forming protective barriers in vertebrates, enabling them to adapt to terrestrial environments.

research Disorders of Keratinization

44 citations , January 2004 in “American journal of clinical dermatology”

This review covers various disorders of cornification and their treatments, offering clinical insights but reporting no new research findings.

research Hidradenitis Suppurativa as a Potential Subtype of Autoinflammatory Keratinization Disease

41 citations , May 2020 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This review discusses the genetic, autoinflammatory, and keratinization factors involved in hidradenitis suppurativa and presents the concept of classifying it as an autoinflammatory keratinization disease, but reports no new clinical results.

research Retinoids and Keratinization

32 citations , March 1988 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This review discusses current concepts on the role of retinoids in keratinization and does not report new clinical results; the authors emphasize the complexity of retinoid effects on skin.

research Spiny keratoderma ‐ a demonstration of hair keratin and hair type keratinization

30 citations , January 1999 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

This study suggests that spiny keratoderma may be an ectopic hair formation on palms and soles, based on keratinization patterns observed using antikeratin antibodies and electron microscopy.

research Study of the keratinization process in human hair follicle by X-ray microdiffraction.

28 citations , July 2000 in “PubMed”

This study found no structural differences between in vitro and in vivo grown hair, with keratinization and organization of keratin being comparable in both settings.

research Keratinization of sheath and calamus cells in developing and regenerating feathers

26 citations , August 2007 in “Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger”

Feathers become harder as they develop due to a change in keratin type.

research Structural changes in trichocyte keratin intermediate filaments during keratinization

23 citations , April 2003 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Keratin structure changes during keratinization, but the exact model remains uncertain.

research Effects of cepharanthine and minoxidil on proliferation, differentiation and keratinization of cultured cells from the murine hair apparatus

23 citations , September 1992 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Cepharanthine and minoxidil promote cell growth and delay hair cell maturation.

research HAIR KERATINIZATION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

22 citations , October 1996 in “Dermatologic clinics”

This review summarizes recent advances in understanding intermediate filament structure and their implications for pathological mutations and human diseases, but it reports no new experimental results.

research Molecular Genetics of Keratinization Disorders – What’s New About Ichthyosis

18 citations , January 2020 in “Acta dermato-venereologica”

This overview discusses advancements in the understanding of molecular genetics in heritable keratinization disorders, focusing on recent cases of inherited ichthyosis, and reports no new clinical results.

research Glycoconjugate expression of cells of human anagen hair follicles during keratinization

12 citations , September 1990 in “The Anatomical Record”

This study found that distinct glycoconjugate expression patterns in human hair follicle cells suggest complex carbohydrate metabolism, revealing a unique sugar moiety in outer root sheath cells not present in other keratinocytes.

research A Heritable Keratinization Defect of the Superficial Epidermis in Norfolk Terriers

11 citations , March 2004 in “Journal of Comparative Pathology”

Norfolk Terriers have a genetic skin defect causing scaling and blisters due to a keratin issue.

research Ultrastructure of the contrasting types of keratinization seen in the tail epidermis of the laboratory mouseMus musculus

11 citations , January 1977 in “Archives of dermatological research”

Mouse tail skin has different keratinization near hair follicles and scales.

research Keratinization of outer root sheath cells is prevented by contact with inner root sheath of rat hair follicles

9 citations , July 2008 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

research Pili Trianguli et Canaliculi Is a Defect of Inner Root Sheath Keratinization

8 citations , May 2005 in “The American journal of dermatopathology/American journal of dermatopathology”

This study observed unique ultrastructural changes in a 4-year-old girl with pili trianguli et canaliculi that may affect hair shaft surface characteristics due to inner root sheath alterations.

research Key Factors in the Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization: Their Significance and Involvement in Common Skin Conditions

2 citations , December 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

This study reviews the complex keratinization process in the epidermis, detailing how various factors regulate keratinocyte differentiation and emphasizing the importance of understanding this process for the pathogenesis of skin disorders like ichthyoses and psoriasis.

research Artificial Infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in Rabbits Exhibits Progressive Pathological Changes, Apoptosis, and Keratinization in the Skin

1 citations , January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

This study found that S. scabiei infestation in rabbits leads to epidermal thickening possibly due to apoptosis-related proliferation and keratinization of the skin.

research Transcriptomics sequencing reveals Qu-shi-yu-fa Decoction promotes hair cycle and keratinization by upregulating FOXN1 and TGM3 to treat androgenetic alopecia

May 2025 in “Phytomedicine”

Qu-shi-yu-fa Decoction may help treat hair loss by promoting hair growth and strengthening.

research Qu-Shi-Yu-Fa Decoction Promotes Hair Cycle and Keratinization by Upregulating Foxn1 and Tgm3 to Treat Androgenetic Alopecia

January 2024

In a study using an androgenetic alopecia mouse model, researchers found that Qu-shi-yu-fa Decoction significantly promoted hair regeneration by enhancing follicle transition and activating key pathways, with potential therapeutic targets such as FOXN1 and TGM3 identified.

research Keratosis Pilaris Is a Keratinization of Hair Follicles

March 2023 in “International journal of integrated medical research”

This article discusses keratosis pilaris, a common skin condition often considered a normal variant, and reviews its associations, progression, and available treatments without reporting new clinical results.

research Faculty Opinions recommendation of Hidradenitis suppurativa as a potential subtype of autoinflammatory keratinization disease.

December 2020 in “Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature”

This mini review discusses insights into the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa, highlighting genetic mutations, autoinflammation, and the effectiveness of biologics, and introduces the concept of autoinflammatory keratinization disease, without reporting new clinical results.