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Glossary Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitor

compound that blocks the enzyme GSK-3, affecting cell processes

A Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitor (GSK-3 Inhibitor) is a type of compound that blocks the activity of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). This enzyme is involved in various cellular processes, including the regulation of glycogen metabolism, cell division, and signaling pathways. Inhibiting GSK-3 has potential therapeutic applications for conditions like Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer, as well as promoting hair growth in cases of alopecia.

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research Discovery and Optimization of Novel Pyridines as Highly Potent and Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inhibitors

October 2019

This study reports that a novel series of compounds can potently and selectively inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3, which activates glycogen synthase in insulin receptor-expressing cells and primary rat hepatocytes.

research Influencing hair regrowth with EGCG by targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity: a molecular dynamics study

February 2025 in “Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction”

In this study, computational analysis identified EGCG as the most effective GSK3β inhibitor among tested compounds, suggesting its potential for promoting hair regrowth by interacting with signaling pathways related to hair follicle cycling, although further experimental testing is needed.

research Sustained release of inhibitor from bionic scaffolds for wound healing and functional regeneration

8 citations , January 2020 in “Biomaterials Science”

In this study, small molecule-loaded silk fibroin nanofiber scaffolds with chitosan achieved sustained release of GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763, leading to enhanced wound healing and hair follicle neogenesis in skin regeneration efforts.

research Hair follicle stem cell differentiation is inhibited through cross‐talk between Wnt/β‐catenin and androgen signalling in dermal papilla cells from patients with androgenetic alopecia

95 citations , January 2012 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that androgens inhibit hair follicle stem cell differentiation by disrupting the Wnt signalling pathway in dermal papilla cells, but Wnt activation can restore differentiation.

research Identifying the Target Cells and Mechanisms of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection

133 citations , May 2016 in “Cell Host & Microbe”

In this study, human dermal fibroblasts were identified as natural host cells that support productive Merkel cell polyomavirus infection, and the MEK antagonist trametinib was introduced as an effective inhibitor to control the virus.

research Valproic Acid Induces Hair Regeneration in Murine Model and Activates Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

85 citations , April 2012 in “PLOS ONE”

This study found that valproic acid promoted hair re-growth in C3H mice by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, suggesting its potential as a treatment for alopecia.

research GSK-3 Inhibitors: Recent Developments and Therapeutic Potential

3 citations , September 2008 in “Current signal transduction therapy”

This article reviews the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in various diseases and recent developments in GSK-3 inhibitors, without reporting any new clinical findings.

research Human placental extract exerts hair growth-promoting effects through the GSK-3β signaling pathway in human dermal papilla cells

20 citations , August 2015 in “International Journal of Molecular Medicine”

This study found that human placental extract promoted hair growth and influenced cellular pathways in vitro and rat models, suggesting potential for future hair loss treatments.

research Escin Activates Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway by Facilitating the Proteasomal Degradation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells

July 2023 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

This study found that escin acts as a natural agonist of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cultured human dermal papilla cells by promoting the degradation of GSK-3β, highlighting its potential therapeutic use for conditions like androgenetic alopecia and vitiligo.

research Vitamin B12 Activates the Wnt-Pathway in Human Hair Follicle Cells by Induction of <i>beta</i>-Catenin and Inhibition of Glycogensynthase Kinase-3 Transcription

4 citations , January 2011 in “Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications”

This study demonstrated that vitamin B12 may promote hair growth in vitro by modulating intracellular signaling in the wnt-pathway, suggesting potential benefits for micrograft transplantation.

research Baicalin increases hair follicle development by increasing canonical Wnt/β‑catenin signaling and activating dermal papillar cells in mice

23 citations , January 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Medicine”

This study reported that baicalin activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in mouse hair follicles, suggesting its potential as a topical treatment for hair loss.

research In Ovo Injection of CHIR-99021 Promotes Feather Follicle Development via Modulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Transcriptome in Goose Embryos (Anser cygnoides)

6 citations , May 2022 in “Frontiers in physiology”

This study suggests that an in ovo injection of CHIR-99021 promoted feather growth and follicle development in goose embryos by activating the Wnt signaling pathway.

research Microcirculation-Promoting Effect of Escin on Cutaneous Tissue via Gsk3β Down-Regulation

1 citations , October 2025 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

This research found that escin, when applied topically, enhances blood flow in human skin and promotes changes in endothelial cell signaling pathways, suggesting potential benefits for improving cutaneous microcirculation.

research Effects of Allium hookeri Extracts on Hair-Inductive and Anti-Oxidative Properties in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

2 citations , May 2023 in “Plants”

In this study, Allium hookeri extract increased viability and size of dermal papilla cell spheroids and reduced oxidative stress effects, potentially promoting hair growth by regulating specific protein signaling pathways in human cells.

research Anti-Hair Loss Effect of Adenosine Is Exerted by cAMP Mediated Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Stimulation via Modulation of Gsk3β Activity in Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells

March 2022 in “Molecules”

This study found that adenosine promotes hair growth by stimulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cultured human dermal papilla cells through activation of the adenosine receptor.

research Hair growth–promoting effects of Enz_MoriL on human dermal papilla cells through modulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin and JAK-STAT signaling pathways

May 2024 in “Archives of dermatological research”

This study found that Enz_MoriL, a compound derived from Morus alba L., promotes hair follicle cell proliferation by affecting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and can counteract an alopecia areata-like condition by suppressing the JAK-STAT signaling in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells.

research PBX homeobox 1 enhances hair follicle mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and reprogramming through activation of the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase signaling pathway and suppression of apoptosis

26 citations , August 2019 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

This study found that PBX1 enhances the proliferation and reprogramming of hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells by activating the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway, promoting NANOG expression, and inhibiting apoptosis.

research The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in the Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis

9 citations , April 2006 in “American Journal of Pathology”

This study found that mutations in the Sgk3 gene cause defective hair follicle development and altered hair cycling in mice, with variable phenotypic outcomes depending on different dysfunction patterns of the SGK3 protein.

research Protein kinase C is a key target for attenuation of Leigh syndrome by rapamycin

5 citations , February 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study found that in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome, rapamycin alters brain proteome and may extend survival by targeting protein kinase C.

research The functions of ocu-miR-205 in regulating hair follicle development in Rex rabbits

April 2020

This study found that ocu-miR-205 promotes the apoptosis of dermal papilla cells and the transformation of hair follicles from growth to regression and resting phases in Rex rabbits.

research Hair Follicle Reconstruction and Stem Cells

2 citations , May 2017 in “InTech eBooks”

This review discusses the regenerative potential of hair follicle stem cell populations and current approaches to reconstructing folliculogenesis for alopecia therapy, but reports no new clinical results.

research Effects of dihydrotestosterone on rat dermal papilla cells in vitro

19 citations , April 2015 in “European Journal of Pharmacology”

This study found that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) may shorten the hair growth cycle through mechanisms like cell-cycle arrest and β-catenin downregulation in rat hair follicle cells.

research Dihydrotestosterone Regulates Hair Growth Through the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice and In Vitro Organ Culture

23 citations , January 2020 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

In this study, DHT was observed to have varying effects on hair follicle growth and related protein expression depending on concentration, with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway potentially playing a significant role.

research iNOS inhibits hair regeneration in obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice

3 citations , May 2018 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

In this study, researchers found that inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promoted hair growth in diabetic mice, suggesting iNOS-derived nitric oxide contributes to hair loss under diabetic inflammatory conditions.

research Nouvelles thérapeutiques dans la prise en charge de l’alopécie androgénétique

March 2025 in “HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)”

This thesis investigates the underlying mechanisms and treatment options for androgenetic alopecia, highlighting the molecular roles of androgens and genetic predispositions, and evaluates current and emerging therapies, such as PROTACs and Janus Kinase inhibitors, to enhance patient management.

research Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt-Dependent and -Independent Protection Against Apoptosis in Normal Human Melanocytes

16 citations , October 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that normal human melanocytes can be protected from apoptosis through both PI 3-kinase/Akt-dependent and independent pathways, with insulin and TPA offering nearly complete protection.

research Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Promotes the Growth of Mink Hair Follicles Through Sonic Hedgehog and Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathways

14 citations , June 2018 in “Frontiers in pharmacology”

In this study, EGCG from green tea promoted mink hair follicle growth and cell proliferation at specific concentrations, potentially through activation of Shh and AKT signaling pathways.

research The Effect of JAK Inhibitor on the Survival, Anagen Re-Entry, and Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Restoration in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

16 citations , July 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This study found that ruxolitinib modulated inflammatory changes and stimulated growth factor signals by blocking the JAK-STAT pathway in an in vitro model of alopecia areata.

research High doses of cobalt inhibited hair follicle development in Rex Rabbits

1 citations , December 2019 in “World rabbit science”

This study found that high concentrations of supplemental cobalt inhibited hair follicle development in rabbits, potentially involving the mTOR-BMP signaling pathway.

research A Short Peptide GPIGS Promotes Proliferation of Hair Bulb Keratinocytes and Accelerates Hair Regrowth in Mice

3 citations , January 2005 in “Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin”

This study reports that the peptide GPIGS, found in Bacillus sp. M18 conditioned medium, may promote hair growth through the PI-3K/Akt pathway and accelerate hair regrowth in mice.