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GlossaryGlial cells (Glia)

non-neuronal cells supporting and protecting neurons in the nervous system

Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems that provide support and protection for neurons. They play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, forming myelin, and providing support and protection for the brain's neurons, as well as participating in signal transmission and repair processes after injury.

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The Advantages of Hair Follicle Pluripotent Stem Cells Over Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine

research The Advantages of Hair Follicle Pluripotent Stem Cells Over Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine

33 citations, October 2010 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Hair follicle stem cells are a practical and ethical option for nerve repair in regenerative medicine.

research Differentiation of Nestin-Negative Human Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Cells Into Neurons In Vitro

5 citations, January 2017 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

Human hair follicle cells can be turned into neural stem cell-like cells, which might help treat brain diseases.

research Multipotent Neural Crest Stem Cell-Like Cells from Rat Vibrissa Dermal Papilla Induce Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells

10 citations, January 2014 in “BioMed research international”

Rat whisker cells can help turn other cells into nerve cells and might be used to treat brain injuries or diseases.

research Phase-Specific Differential Regulation of Mechanical Allodynia in a Murine Model of Neuropathic Pain by Progesterone

December 2023 in “Frontiers in pharmacology”

Progesterone initially worsens but later reduces neuropathic pain in mice, through different mechanisms.

Expression Patterns of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neurturin, Their Cognate Receptors GFRα-1, GFRα-2, and Common Signal Transduction Element c-Ret in Human Skin Hair Follicles

research Expression Patterns of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neurturin, Their Cognate Receptors GFRα-1, GFRα-2, and Common Signal Transduction Element c-Ret in Human Skin Hair Follicles

18 citations, January 2008 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Certain proteins and their receptors are more active during the growth phase of human hair and could be targeted to treat hair disorders.

research The Impact of Growth Factors in Platelet-Rich Plasma Combination Therapy for Androgenic Alopecia

January 2024 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

PRP therapy with specific growth factors improves hair density and thickness in androgenic alopecia.

research GDNF Promotes Hair Formation and Cutaneous Wound Healing by Targeting Bulge Stem Cells

7 citations, June 2020 in “npj regenerative medicine”

GDNF helps grow hair and heal skin wounds by acting on hair stem cells.

research Reawakening GDNF's Regenerative Past in Mice and Humans

1 citations, April 2022 in “Regenerative Therapy”

Activating the GDNF-GFRα1-RET signaling pathway could potentially promote skin and limb regeneration in humans and could be used to treat hair loss and promote wound healing.

research The Transdermal Inhibition of Melanogenesis by a Cell-Membrane-Permeable Peptide Delivery System Based on Poly-Arginine

36 citations, March 2014 in “Biomaterials”

A new skin-whitening agent using a peptide from wheat is safe and effective at reducing skin pigmentation.

The Beneficial Effects of Chick Embryo Extract Preconditioning on Hair Follicle Stem Cells: A Promising Strategy to Generate Schwann Cells

research The Beneficial Effects of Chick Embryo Extract Preconditioning on Hair Follicle Stem Cells: A Promising Strategy to Generate Schwann Cells

5 citations, January 2023 in “Cell proliferation”

Chick embryo extract helps rat hair follicle stem cells potentially turn into Schwann cells, important for the nervous system.

research Administration of Dutasteride in Animal Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa

December 2022 in “Acta Ophthalmologica”

Dutasteride potentially improves cell survival and reduces retinal damage in retinitis pigmentosa.

research Age-Associated Decrease in GDNF and Its Cognate Receptor GFRα-1 Protein Expression in Human Skin

2 citations, June 2016 in “International journal of experimental pathology”

Human skin has less GDNF and its receptor with age.

research Treatment of a Spinal Cord Hemitransection Injury with Keratin Biomaterial Hydrogel Elicits Recovery and Tissue Repair

7 citations, March 2014 in “ISRN Biomaterials”

Keratin hydrogel from human hair helps rats recover better from spinal cord injuries.

GDNF Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Determines the Fate of Dermal Fibroblasts in Wound-Induced Hair Neogenesis and Skin Regeneration

research GDNF Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Determines the Fate of Dermal Fibroblasts in Wound-Induced Hair Neogenesis and Skin Regeneration

2 citations, January 2022 in “Experimental Dermatology”

GDNF signaling helps in hair growth and skin healing after a wound.

research Hair Keratinization in Health and Disease

22 citations, October 1996 in “Dermatologic clinics”

Understanding intermediate filaments helps explain hair health and related diseases.

research Faculty Opinions Recommendation of GDNF Promotes Hair Formation and Cutaneous Wound Healing by Targeting Bulge Stem Cells

January 2021 in “Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature”

GDNF helps grow hair and heal skin wounds by acting on specific stem cells.

research Nestin-Expressing Hair Follicle-Accessible Pluripotent Stem Cells for Nerve and Spinal Cord Repair

32 citations, January 2014 in “Cells tissues organs”

Hair follicle stem cells can help repair nerve and spinal cord injuries.

research Introduction to Hair-Follicle-Associated Pluripotent Stem Cells

4 citations, January 2016 in “Methods in molecular biology”

HAP stem cells can repair nerves, grow hair follicle nerves, and become heart muscle cells, making them useful for regenerative medicine.

research Activation of Astrocytes In Vitro by Macrophages Polarized with Keratin Biomaterial Treatment

6 citations, January 2016 in “Open journal of regenerative medicine”

Keratin treatment reduces astrocyte reactivity and inflammation.

research The Effect of Inflammatory Cytokines on the Risk of Hypertrophic Scar: A Mendelian Randomization Study

July 2024 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Certain proteins can either protect against or increase the risk of hypertrophic scars.

Combination of Media, Biomaterials, and Extracellular Matrix Proteins to Enhance the Differentiation of Neural Stem/Precursor Cells into Neurons

research Combination of Media, Biomaterials, and Extracellular Matrix Proteins to Enhance the Differentiation of Neural Stem/Precursor Cells into Neurons

25 citations, April 2012 in “Acta Biomaterialia”

Using certain small proteins with a growth factor and specific materials can increase the creation of neurons from stem cells.

Psychological Stress Impact on Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Patients With Androgenetic Alopecia and Correlation With Disease Progression

research Psychological Stress Impact on Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Patients With Androgenetic Alopecia and Correlation With Disease Progression

October 2024 in “World Journal of Psychiatry”

Stress worsens hair loss in androgenetic alopecia.

research Hair Follicle: A Novel Source of Multipotent Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

65 citations, November 2012 in “Tissue Engineering Part B-reviews”

Hair follicle stem cells are a promising source for tissue repair and treating skin or hair diseases.

Differential Expression Levels of Sox9 in Early Neocortical Radial Glial Cells Regulate the Decision Between Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation

research Differential Expression Levels of Sox9 in Early Neocortical Radial Glial Cells Regulate the Decision Between Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation

1 citations, December 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Sox9 levels in brain stem cells affect whether they stay as stem cells or become neurons.

Optogenetically Controlled TrkA Activity Improves the Regenerative Capacity of Hair-Follicle-Derived Stem Cells to Differentiate into Neurons and Glia

research Optogenetically Controlled TrkA Activity Improves the Regenerative Capacity of Hair-Follicle-Derived Stem Cells to Differentiate into Neurons and Glia

6 citations, September 2020 in “Advanced Biology”

Blue-light activation of TrkA improves hair-follicle stem cells' ability to become neurons and glial cells.

research Highly Efficient Neural Differentiation of CD34-Positive Hair-Follicle-Associated Pluripotent Stem Cells Induced by Retinoic Acid and Serum-Free Medium