Alopecia Areata: What's New in the Epidemiology, Comorbidities, and Pathogenesis?

October 2023 in “ Journal of Dermatological Science ”

Teruki Dainichi, Masashi Iwata, Yo Kaku

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Research cited in this study

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research AIRE Deficiency Leads to the Development of Alopecia Areata-Like Lesions in Mice

2 citations , October 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that Aire‒/‒ mice spontaneously developed persistent AA-like lesions, highlighting a potential role for AIRE in hair follicle biology and pathogenesis of alopecia areata.

research Epidemiological Trends in Alopecia Areata at the Global, Regional, and National Levels

11 citations , July 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This study reports that the global age-standardized incidence and disability-adjusted life-year rates of alopecia areata decreased from 1990 to 2019, with the highest increases in incidence seen in some low SDI regions and countries like Kuwait and South Sudan.

research Selective Expansion of Tregs Using the IL-2 Cytokine Antibody Complex Does Not Reverse Established Alopecia Areata in C3H/HeJ Mice

5 citations , June 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This study observed that expanding regulatory T cells in the skin of mice with alopecia areata did not reverse the condition, indicating that additional immunotherapy may be necessary.

A Potential Predictive Role of the Scalp Microbiome Profiling in Patients with Alopecia Areata: Staphylococcus Caprae, Corynebacterium, and Cutibacterium Species

research A Potential Predictive Role of the Scalp Microbiome Profiling in Patients with Alopecia Areata: Staphylococcus Caprae, Corynebacterium, and Cutibacterium Species

3 citations , April 2022 in “Microorganisms”

This study found that the scalp microbiome was more diverse in alopecia areata patients than in healthy controls, and distinctive microbial profiles may be linked to disease severity and prognosis.

research Whole Exome Sequencing in Alopecia Areata Identifies Rare Variants in KRT82

9 citations , February 2022 in “Nature communications”

This study identified KRT82 as a significant Alopecia Areata risk gene, finding that rare damaging variants are linked to elevated immune cell infiltration around hair follicles in affected individuals.

research Mild-To-Moderate COVID-19 Is Not Associated With Worsening Of Alopecia Areata: A Retrospective Analysis Of 32 Patients

11 citations , May 2021 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This study found that mild-to-moderate COVID-19 was not associated with worsening in patients with pre-existing alopecia areata.

research Selective Inhibition of JAK3 Signaling Is Sufficient to Reverse Alopecia Areata

42 citations , April 2021 in “JCI insight”

In this study, selective inhibition of JAK3 signaling effectively prevented and reversed alopecia areata in a mouse model, while JAK2 inhibitors did not restore hair growth.

research Association of Alopecia Areata with Vitamin D and Calcium Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

6 citations , August 2020 in “Dermatology and Therapy”

This study found that patients with alopecia areata had significantly lower serum vitamin D levels and higher odds of vitamin D deficiency, but no significant difference in serum calcium levels, compared to controls.

research Association of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Patients With Alopecia Areata

16 citations , July 2020 in “JAMA Dermatology”

People with alopecia areata may have a higher risk of hearing loss.

research Alopecia Areata Susceptibility Variant in MHC Region Impacts Expressions of Genes Contributing to Hair Keratinization and Is Involved in Hair Loss

19 citations , July 2020 in “EBioMedicine”

In this study, the researchers identified a variant in the CCHCR1 gene associated with an alopecia areata subtype characterized by impaired keratinization and autoimmune events.

research A Transcriptomic Map of Murine and Human Alopecia Areata

26 citations , May 2020 in “JCI Insight”

In this study, single-cell sequencing revealed clonal expansions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in murine and human alopecia areata, supporting the development of predictive models for human disease.

research Frontiers in Alopecia Areata Pathobiology Research

55 citations , October 2019 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology”

This review discusses emerging research areas in alopecia areata pathobiology, highlighting the potential roles of unconventional immune cells and the need for more targeted therapeutic strategies, but reports no new experimental results.

Integrative Analysis of Rare Copy Number Variants and Gene Expression Data in Alopecia Areata Implicates an Etiological Role for Autophagy

research Integrative Analysis of Rare Copy Number Variants and Gene Expression Data in Alopecia Areata Implicates an Etiological Role for Autophagy

20 citations , June 2019 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study identified 14 genes affected by copy number variants that may contribute to alopecia areata, including four genes notably involved in autophagy and chromatin remodeling.

research All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Risks Associated With Alopecia Areata

19 citations , May 2019 in “JAMA dermatology”

This study found that patients with alopecia areata had an increased risk of mortality from self-harm, psychiatric diseases, and lung cancer compared to the general population.

Alopecia Areata Is Characterized by Dysregulation in Systemic Type 17 and Type 2 Cytokines, Which May Contribute to Disease-Associated Psychological Morbidity

research Alopecia Areata Is Characterized by Dysregulation in Systemic Type 17 and Type 2 Cytokines, Which May Contribute to Disease-Associated Psychological Morbidity

57 citations , April 2019 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This background review discusses alopecia areata, highlighting the role of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in hair follicle pathogenesis, and notes that the exact mechanisms causing hair loss remain unclear.

research Assessment of a Bidirectional Association Between Major Depressive Disorder and Alopecia Areata

37 citations , January 2019 in “JAMA Dermatology”

This study found a bidirectional relationship between major depressive disorder and alopecia areata, with each condition significantly increasing the risk of subsequently developing the other.

research High-Throughput T Cell Receptor Sequencing Identifies Clonally Expanded CD8+ T Cell Populations in Alopecia Areata

46 citations , October 2018 in “JCI insight”

In this study, the researchers found that treatment with the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib in alopecia areata patients may reduce clonal CD8+ T cell expansions but does not eliminate them entirely, which could contribute to disease relapse.

research Comorbidities in Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

100 citations , July 2018 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This study found that alopecia areata is linked with a higher prevalence of systemic and psychiatric diseases, suggesting that physicians should monitor for these potential comorbidities.

research An Integrated Model of Alopecia Areata Biomarkers Highlights Both TH1 and TH2 Upregulation

58 citations , July 2018 in “Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology”

Alopecia areata severity is linked to increased TH1 and TH2 activity.

research Immunoregulatory Effects of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Exosomes in Mouse Model of Autoimmune Alopecia Areata

45 citations , June 2018 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This study found that MDSC exosomes promoted partial hair regrowth and modulated immune responses in mice with alopecia areata, suggesting potential as a treatment for autoimmune diseases.

research iNKT Cells Ameliorate Human Autoimmunity: Lessons from Alopecia Areata

27 citations , April 2018 in “Journal of autoimmunity”

In this study, iNKT10 cells were found to play a significant role in preventing and treating alopecia areata in a humanized mouse model, suggesting these cells could have potential in managing related autoimmune disorders.

Nail Involvement in Alopecia Areata: A Questionnaire-Based Survey on Clinical Signs, Impact on Quality of Life, and Review of the Literature

research Nail Involvement in Alopecia Areata: A Questionnaire-Based Survey on Clinical Signs, Impact on Quality of Life, and Review of the Literature

19 citations , January 2018

Most people with alopecia areata have nail changes, which are common but don't greatly affect their quality of life.

research Increased Expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in Dermal Fibroblasts From Alopecia Areata Mice

13 citations , August 2017 in “Journal of Cellular Physiology”

In this study, researchers found that in mouse models of alopecia areata, the expression of immune-regulating molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 in dermal fibroblasts is increased by activated T cells, potentially indicating a lack of negative immune control in affected skin.

Double-Stranded RNA Induces Inflammation via the NF-κB Pathway and Inflammasome Activation in the Outer Root Sheath Cells of Hair Follicles

research Double-Stranded RNA Induces Inflammation via the NF-κB Pathway and Inflammasome Activation in the Outer Root Sheath Cells of Hair Follicles

22 citations , March 2017 in “Scientific reports”

This study investigated the role of NLRP3 inflammasomes in alopecia areata and found that outer root sheath cells may contribute to inflammation by increasing IL-1β and HMGB1 secretion when stimulated with double-stranded RNA.