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This review discusses recent advances in skin penetration mechanisms, specifically focusing on the enhanced understanding of the follicular pathway and its implications for transdermal therapies, immune system targeting, and nanoparticle safety.

Liposomes with certain properties can effectively deliver drugs deep into hair follicles.

This study demonstrated that transcutaneous vaccination via cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping effectively induced both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in humans, offering a promising alternative to intramuscular injection.

This review describes recent advances in using nanoparticles for drug delivery to hair follicles, with potential applications in treating skin diseases such as alopecia and acne, but reports no new findings.

This study concluded that combining cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping with particle-based antigen delivery effectively targets HIV-1 p24 protein to skin cells, supporting its potential for needle-free transcutaneous vaccination.

This study found that using particle-based antigen delivery in combination with cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping is an effective needle-free method for targeting HIV-1 p24 protein to skin cells, enhancing transcutaneous vaccination potential.

In this study, transcutaneously applied nanoparticles and viral vectors were shown to penetrate murine hair follicles, internalize in antigen-presenting cells, and induce immune responses, suggesting a promising approach for vaccine delivery.

This study found that in vivo, a novel microneedle system for valproic acid delivery may improve hair regrowth efficacy by upregulating hair follicle development pathways more effectively than topical application.

This study suggests that newly developed micro-pigment-encapsulated biodegradable microneedles accurately implant pigments in pig cadaver skin, potentially advancing scalp micro-pigmentation methods.

This study found that transfollicular delivery using surfactant-based nanoparticles significantly enhanced antigen stability and immune response compared to other delivery methods, especially when combined with an adjuvant.

This study found that nanoemulsions of different sizes vary in their ability to penetrate skin layers, with smaller sizes aiding transdermal delivery and potential applications in transcutaneous immunization.

In this overview of COPD exacerbations, it was reported that these events, often triggered by respiratory viruses, not only worsen symptoms but also increase the risk of cardiac events, highlighting the importance of early detection and prevention strategies such as vaccinations and new biologic therapies.

This article provides an overview of microneedle technology for transcutaneous drug delivery, discussing microneedle designs, materials, and activation methods that enhance drug stability and regulated release, and outlines considerations for their successful clinical implementation, such as biocompatibility and production cost.

In this study, TENS of the T6 dermatome over a longer term was explored for its effects on weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and appetite-regulating hormones in obese subjects with moderate obstructive sleep apnea; however, results are not reported in the abstract.

This review discusses advancements in the use of microneedle arrays and nanoparticles for transdermal delivery of therapeutics, noting challenges in overcoming the skin barrier and summarizing recent clinical trial achievements in areas like cancer therapy and gene therapy.

This review outlines the development, applications, and challenges of microneedle-based drug delivery from 2000-2019, particularly highlighting fabrication techniques, but reports no new clinical results.

This study reviews the evolution and modifications of microneedle drug delivery systems, initially designed for percutaneous use, now expanded for targeting a variety of tissues and organs such as ocular, oral mucosal, and gastrointestinal, suggesting widespread future applicability.

This review discusses the potential of microneedles to enhance transdermal drug delivery by expanding the range of deliverable drugs, highlighting fabrication methods, material choices, and applications, but notes existing challenges with sustained delivery, cost-effectiveness, and large-scale production.

This study found that a single instance of acute skin stretching can enhance immune surveillance and improve vaccine delivery by increasing skin permeability and promoting immune cell recruitment without causing tissue damage.

This review discusses various microneedle technologies for long-acting drug delivery, highlighting design considerations and challenges in bringing these minimally invasive devices to market, but it reports no new clinical results.

This review summarizes recent advancements in follicular targeting for drug delivery via hair follicles and calls for pilot studies in humans to explore potential clinical applications.

This review discusses laser-assisted drug delivery for enhancing topical treatment efficacy in various dermatological and medical applications but reports no new clinical results, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize its use.

This review examines microneedle patches for drug delivery, detailing their designs, materials, manufacturing methods, and potential advantages, but reports no new clinical results.

This study found that medium-sized particles (643 and 646 nm) penetrated deeper into porcine hair follicles in vitro than smaller or larger particles, suggesting size-selective targeting within follicular sites.

This review discusses the pathophysiology of sleep disturbance in children with atopic dermatitis and highlights the need for further research on management strategies, but provides no new clinical results.

This study found that using layer-by-layer encapsulation techniques on dermal papilla cells can support their function and may help treat hair loss when used in conjunction with freshly isolated epidermal cells.

This study reviews recent advancements in microneedles made from PLGA, highlighting their use in delivering vaccines, drugs, and proteins through the skin with minimal invasiveness, and discusses the challenges and future potential of these delivery systems.

This study found that Er–YAG laser treatment significantly enhanced skin absorption and follicular delivery of antialopecia drugs, suggesting a potential laser-assisted approach to treat alopecia.

In this ex vivo and mouse model study, Tofacitinib-loaded nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced delivery of the drug into hair follicles and reduced inflammatory effects compared to conventional forms, indicating potential for safer, topical use in treating alopecia areata.

This study found that a ceria nanozyme-integrated microneedles patch accelerated hair regeneration in an androgenetic alopecia mouse model more effectively than minoxidil, with reduced application frequency and minimal skin damage.