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This study found that among transgender men undergoing long-term testosterone therapy, a severe pattern of androgenetic alopecia may indicate increased arterial stiffness, as measured by higher intima-media thickness of the carotid artery.

This study found that lower testosterone levels in male COVID-19 patients were associated with greater disease severity and longer hospital stays.

This study reported no association between higher serum testosterone or dihydrotestosterone levels and the incidence or progression of lower urinary tract symptoms in asymptomatic or symptomatic men in the REDUCE trial, challenging the belief that elevated androgens contribute to these symptoms.

This review discusses the free hormone hypothesis for measuring "free" testosterone and critiques its theoretical basis and clinical application, noting it lacks critical empirical testing and has inconsistent utility in assessing androgen status.

This study found that among women with polycystic ovary syndrome, higher levels of the hormones estrone and free testosterone were associated with an increased cardiometabolic risk, especially in those who were overweight or obese.

This abstract only provides a list of abbreviations and does not report any new research findings or results.

This review discusses the changes in androgen levels with age in women and the potential benefits of testosterone replacement therapy as part of hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women, but it reports no new clinical results.

This case report describes the rare association of an ovarian Leydig cell tumor and primary hyperparathyroidism in a postmenopausal woman, highlighting the importance of considering rare causes in patients with virilizing symptoms.

This review examines age-related changes in androgen levels in women and explores the rationale for testosterone replacement therapy, but it reports no new clinical findings.

In this case study, a 62-year-old woman with ovarian hyperthecosis experienced normalization of elevated testosterone levels and improvement in hirsutism and hair loss following bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

This book reviews current knowledge on testosterone, its functions, underlying mechanisms, and examines ethical and safety issues concerning its clinical and practical applications, without reporting new research findings.

This study found that the 5α-steroid metabolite profile in men with inherited 5α-reductase deficiency is similar to those taking the drug finasteride, suggesting the gene affects multiple steroid substrates.

The researchers reported that using Natesto® testosterone gel improved erectile function and mood in hypogonadal men over a 90-day period.

This case report describes a 60-year-old woman with an ovarian Leydig cell tumor leading to elevated testosterone levels and hirsutism, highlighting the need to consider androgen-secreting tumors in similar postmenopausal cases.

This article reviews the potential male equivalent of polycystic ovarian syndrome, focusing on hormonal alterations and premature androgenic alopecia, but reports no new clinical findings; the authors highlight the need for further studies on adrenal steroids and other factors.

Testosterone therapy can improve sexual function in women but long-term safety is unclear.

This study observed that hyperandrogenism in men manifests with varying symptoms, where older men may have high total testosterone due to increased SHBG without elevated free testosterone, while younger men often show signs like acne and alopecia with elevated DHT or testosterone.

This review found that women with idiopathic hirsutism may have increased 5α-reductase activity, as indicated by elevated levels of a dihydrotestosterone-reduced metabolite, but more research is needed to confirm its clinical relevance as a biomarker.

In this rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain, the study found that testosterone metabolites dihydrotestosterone and 3α-diol may have analgesic effects through different mechanisms.

This study found that obesity in PCOS women with biochemical hyperandrogenemia lowers androstenedione levels and increases the testosterone to androstenedione ratio, but this was not observed in women with clinical hyperandrogenemia or in controls.

This case report describes a 64-year-old postmenopausal woman with hirsutism due to a rare case of bilateral diffuse ovarian Leydig cell hyperplasia, leading to normalized testosterone levels and improved glycaemic control following surgery.

In this study, adolescent male acne patients with normal serum testosterone showed improved outcomes with finasteride plus lifestyle intervention, significantly reducing DHT and free testosterone levels and improving SHBG levels, with minimal adverse effects.

This case report highlights the need to assess postmenopausal women with hirsutism for hyperandrogenism causes, as exemplified by a Leydig cell tumor coinciding with primary hyperparathyroidism.

A postmenopausal woman's virilization was caused by a rare ovarian tumor that was hard to detect but was successfully treated with surgery.

This clinical case study reports on a postmenopausal woman experiencing hair loss and virilization symptoms, which were ultimately attributed to rare ovarian tumors identified after a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, despite normal imaging results.

This study observed significant inter- and intra-individual variability in serum testosterone levels among women treated with subcutaneous testosterone implants, suggesting that therapy should be guided by clinical response rather than single serum measurements.

Women have a higher DHT/testosterone ratio than men, possibly due to gut bacteria activity.

This case study potentially links the use of anabolic steroids to increased severity of COVID-19 in a healthy 28-year-old man, with marked symptom improvement following treatment with proxalutamide.

This study found that testosterone enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in male and female human islets, requiring conversion to DHT and E2 via SRD5A1 and aromatase.

This narrative review discusses the initiation and monitoring of gender-affirming hormone therapy in Australia, noting standard testosterone use for trans men and estradiol with anti-androgens for trans women, emphasizing the importance of monitoring cardiovascular and bone health.