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Glossary Perifollicular Vascularization

Perifollicular vascularization refers to the network of blood vessels surrounding hair follicles, which plays a crucial role in supplying nutrients and oxygen necessary for hair growth and maintenance. This vascularization is significant in the context of hair loss, as inadequate blood flow can lead to weakened hair follicles and contribute to conditions such as androgenetic alopecia. Key distinguishing characteristics include the density and health of the blood vessels, which can be influenced by factors such as age, hormonal changes, and overall scalp health. Enhanced perifollicular vascularization is often associated with improved hair growth and recovery from hair loss.

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research Hyaluronate Accumulation and Decreased CD44 Expression in Perifollicular Solitary Cutaneous Myxoma

9 citations , January 2002 in “Dermatology”

This study found that cutaneous myxomas showed decreased CD44 expression in follicular epithelial proliferations, which may be related to abnormal hyaluronate accumulation in these lesions.

research Hair growth control by innate immunocytes: Perifollicular macrophages revisited

21 citations , March 2019 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This review discusses the role of perifollicular macrophages in hair growth and suggests targeting them could be relevant for managing hair growth disorders, but reports no new results.

research Co‐localization of alopecia areata and lichen planopilaris in a patient receiving immunosuppressants: A rare case

1 citations , July 2020 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology”

This case report describes a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who developed both alopecia areata and lichen planopilaris despite immunosuppressive treatment, suggesting a shared immunopathogenesis between these disorders.

Perifollicular Vascularization: Cocultures and Tricultures Approaches to Study the Cross-Talk Between Microvascular Endothelial Cells, Follicle Papilla Cells, and Keratinocytes

research Perifollicular vascularization: Cocultures and tricultures approaches to study the cross-talk between microvascular endothelial cells, follicle papilla cells and keratinocytes

December 2015 in “Vascular Pharmacology”

Hair papilla cells are crucial for blood vessel development in hair follicles, affecting hair growth and loss.

Stress Inhibits Hair Growth in Mice by Inducing Premature Catagen Development and Harmful Perifollicular Inflammatory Events via Neuropeptide Substance P-Dependent Pathways

research Stress Inhibits Hair Growth in Mice by Induction of Premature Catagen Development and Deleterious Perifollicular Inflammatory Events via Neuropeptide Substance P-Dependent Pathways

194 citations , March 2003 in “American Journal of Pathology”

This study found that psychoemotional stress disrupts hair growth in mice by terminating anagen and suggests a potential pathway for pharmacological management of stress-related hair loss in humans.

research Localization of the rabies virus antigen in Merkel cells in the follicle-sinus complexes of muzzle skins of rabid dogs

11 citations , September 2016 in “Journal of virological methods”

In this study, rabies virus antigens were detected in the outer root sheath of the follicle-sinus complex in the muzzle skin of rabid dogs, suggesting its usefulness as an alternative diagnostic specimen.

Uncommon Phenomenon: Co-Location of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia and Vitiligo in a Male. Case Report

research Fenómeno infrecuente la co-localización de alopecia frontal fibrosante y vitiligo en un varón. Informe de un caso

June 2022 in “Revista del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires”

This case report describes a 58-year-old male patient with alopecia frontal fibrosante in areas also affected by vitiligo, highlighting a possible association with autoimmune disorders.

Atypical Congenital Triangular Alopecia (Brauer Nevus): Case Report and Literature Review in Occipital and Mid-Frontal Localizations

research Atypical Congenital Triangular Alopecia (Brauer Nevus): Case Report and Review of Literature in Occipital and Mid-Frontal Localizations

January 2021 in “Skin appendage disorders”

This review discusses atypical presentations of Brauer nevus, particularly in occipital and mid-frontal areas, and reports a higher occurrence in males, with detection usually at birth.

Increased Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in the Sera of Patients with Extensive Alopecia Areata

research Increased Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in the Sera of Patients with Extensive Alopecia Areata

14 citations , March 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that serum MIF levels were significantly higher in patients with extensive alopecia areata compared to those with mild alopecia areata and healthy individuals.

research 283 Thermal imaging and trichoscopy for detecting inflammation in frontal fibrosing alopecia

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that infrared thermography might be a useful non-invasive tool to help diagnose frontal fibrosing alopecia by identifying active phases of the disease.

research 556 Safety and efficacy of leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of cicatricial alopecia

June 2020 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma appeared safe and may offer some benefits to patients with scarring alopecia, though further research is needed due to the small sample size.

research Macrophages Contribute to the Cyclic Activation of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells

175 citations , December 2014 in “PLoS Biology”

This study found that macrophages near hair follicles contribute to the activation of skin epithelial stem cells in mice, suggesting a novel role for macrophages in regulating hair growth.

Indications for a Brain-Hair Follicle Axis: Inhibition of Keratinocyte Proliferation and Up-Regulation of Keratinocyte Apoptosis in Telogen Hair Follicles by Stress and Substance P

research Indications for a brain‐hair follicle axis: inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation and up‐regulation of keratinocyte apoptosis in telogen hair follicles by stress and substance P

125 citations , September 2001 in “The FASEB Journal”

This study demonstrated that stress inhibited hair growth in mice, likely through substance P-dependent activation of immune cells, highlighting a brain-hair follicle connection.

research Variant PADI3 in Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia

95 citations , February 2019 in “The New England Journal of Medicine”

This article discusses the potential genetic basis of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia in women of African ancestry but does not provide new research results.

research Histopathologic Evaluation of Alopecias

90 citations , June 2006 in “The American Journal of Dermatopathology”

This review outlines the classification, histopathologic presentation, and pathogenetic concepts of scarring and nonscarring alopecias, reporting no new clinical results and emphasizing the need for clinicopathologic correlation.

research Contrasting Localization of c-Myc with Other Myc Superfamily Transcription Factors in the Human Hair Follicle and During the Hair Growth Cycle

45 citations , April 2001 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study suggests that Myc superfamily transcription factors may have distinct roles in different epithelial compartments of the human hair follicle, possibly influencing cell fate in the putative stem cell compartment.

research Androgenetic alopecia in males: a histopathological and ultrastructural study

42 citations , June 2009 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

In this study, researchers observed that follicular microinflammation significantly contributes to the early stages of male androgenetic alopecia, potentially leading to perifollicular fibrosis and follicle destruction as the condition progresses.

research Novel effect of sildenafil on hair growth

16 citations , October 2018 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

In this study, sildenafil was found to enhance human dermal papilla cell proliferation and promote hair growth in mice, suggesting potential use in alopecia treatment.

Epimorphin Expression During Human Fetal Hair Follicle Development

research Epimorphin expression during human foetal hair follicle development

15 citations , September 1999 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that epimorphin is closely linked to developing hair follicles in human fetuses, suggesting it plays a significant role in hair follicle morphogenesis.

research Hair Restoration in Androgenetic Alopecia: Looking Beyond Minoxidil, Finasteride and Hair Transplantation

13 citations , January 2016 in “Journal of cosmetology & trichology”

This review discusses the emerging pathophysiological factors and potential new therapies for androgenetic alopecia beyond traditional treatments, but reports no new results.

research A RARE FORM OF SUPPURATING AND CICATRIZING DISEASE OF THE SCALP

11 citations , December 1921 in “Archives of dermatology and syphilology”

This article reviews historical cases and descriptions of perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens, highlighting its characteristics and treatment, but reports no new clinical findings.

Clinical Characteristics, Trichoscopy, Histopathology, and Treatment Outcomes of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia in an Asian Population: A Retro-Prospective Cohort Study

research Clinical characteristics, trichoscopy, histopathology and treatment outcomes of frontal fibrosing alopecia in an Asian population: A retro‐prospective cohort study

9 citations , July 2020 in “Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that diffuse and pseudo-fringe sign patterns are common in Asian patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia, and that treatments combining antiandrogens or antimalarials with topical therapy are effective.

research Stress, Hair Growth Control, and the Neuro-Endocrine-Immune Connection

7 citations , October 2000 in “Allergo Journal”

Stress may affect hair growth by influencing hair follicle development and could contribute to hair loss.

research A Contemporary View on Felix Pinkus’ Concept of the Vitreous Membrane

October 2019 in “Skin appendage disorders”

This study revisits and reproduces Felix Pinkus' concept of the vitreous membrane in hair follicles, suggesting these structures may play a role in differentiation or nutrition due to their location in metabolically dynamic regions.

Comparative Analysis of the Clinical-Pathological and Immunopathological Characteristics of Lichen Planopilaris and Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia

research Análise comparativa das características clínico-patológicas e imunopatológicas do líquen plano pilar e da alopecia frontal fibrosante

April 2016

Lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia are likely the same disease with different clinical appearances.

research Lichen planopilaris versus frontal fibrosing alopecia: histopathologically distinct diseases or not?

March 2026 in “Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”

Lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia are likely distinct diseases with different tissue involvement.

research Dynamic Plasticity of Axons within a Cutaneous Milieu

79 citations , November 2010 in “Journal of Neuroscience”

In this study, researchers found that simple hair clipping in mice induced dynamic plasticity and axogenesis in skin sensory axons, linked to follicular activation and HGF signaling.

research Thrombospondin-1 Plays a Critical Role in the Induction of Hair Follicle Involution and Vascular Regression During the Catagen Phase

52 citations , January 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that thrombospondin-1 plays a critical role in hair follicle cycle regulation, with deficiency prolonging follicle growth and overexpression delaying it through antiangiogenic effects.

research Serum granulysin as a possible key marker of the activity of alopecia areata

26 citations , September 2013 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

In this study, researchers found that serum granulysin levels might serve as a novel marker for disease activity in acute alopecia areata, being significantly associated with broader bald skin areas, poorer prognosis, and co-existing allergic disorders.

research Progenitor Cell Dynamics in Androgenetic Alopecia: Insights from Spatially Resolved Transcriptomics

June 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

In this study, researchers used spatial transcriptomics to identify increased expression of genes linked to extracellular matrix organization and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in the progenitor cell regions of hair follicles in androgenetic alopecia patients, suggesting a possible role in progenitor cell loss and fibrogenic microenvironment development.