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Women with PCOS may have a higher risk of respiratory and ear infections due to slower nasal mucociliary clearance.

Chemicals and body size might change when puberty starts and progresses, but more research is needed to confirm this.

Metformin improves early signs of heart disease in women with PCOS and raises apelin levels, but doesn't significantly change artery thickness.

Brothers of women with PCOS tend to have higher levels of a hormone called DHEAS, indicating a possible genetic link.

The document concludes that doctors should thoroughly check postmenopausal women with sudden increased male traits for rare conditions like androgen-producing endometrial cancer.

A woman's severe male-like symptoms were caused by a rare, benign tumor in her ovary that produced male hormones.

A woman's excess male hormone symptoms were caused by a rare benign tumor in her ovary.

The chapter explains the causes of excessive hair growth and masculinization in women and how to measure hormone levels related to these conditions.

A woman with a rare adrenal tumor and hormonal disorder had improved testosterone levels after surgery, but her menstrual irregularities continued.

Most adrenal cortex tumors are benign and non-secreting, but proper diagnosis and treatment are important due to the rare possibility of cancer.

A woman with high testosterone and an adrenal nodule had an ovarian tumor causing her symptoms, which improved after the tumor was removed.

A teenage girl had both a rare ovarian tumor and a severe form of polycystic ovarian syndrome.

A woman's excessive hair growth and masculine features were due to a rare benign ovarian tumor and endometrial cancer, which improved after surgery.

PCOS is diagnosed when at least two of these three features are present: polycystic ovaries, irregular ovulation, and high androgen levels.

A postmenopausal woman's excessive hair growth and hair loss were due to a non-cancerous ovarian condition, treated successfully with surgery.

A woman's severe male hormone excess was caused by a small, hard-to-find ovarian tumor.

Early adrenal gland maturation in young children can be normal, but other serious conditions should be ruled out first.

A young woman had a rare tumor causing high male hormone levels and symptoms like excessive hair and acne. After removing the tumor, her hormone levels returned to normal. Early diagnosis is important.

Hirsutism involves excessive hair growth due to hormonal issues and can be treated with medication or surgery.

Effective treatments for excessive body hair in women include drugs that block androgens, sometimes combined with oral contraceptives.

Rare adrenal cancers that secrete androgens or estrogens have a poor prognosis and are treated primarily with surgery.

Older obese women with PCOS have higher cardiovascular and metabolic risks despite lower androgen levels.

Postmenopausal women with hyperandrogenism didn't have better metabolic health even after their testosterone levels became normal.

Evaluate postmenopausal women with high androgen levels using medical history, physical exams, lab tests, and imaging to manage health risks.

The research found that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has two distinct types, with one having more severe hormone and insulin issues.

Women with PCOS and polycystic ovaries have higher male hormone levels and more insulin resistance, especially if they are overweight.

To diagnose Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, two out of three signs—irregular periods, high male hormone levels, or cysts on the ovaries—are needed.

A postmenopausal woman's masculine symptoms improved after surgery for a hormone-producing ovarian tumor.

Most cases of high male hormone levels in women are due to polycystic ovary syndrome.

Amenorrhea is relatively rare and initial testing should check FSH, TSH, and prolactin levels.