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Glossary Neurons

specialized cells transmitting information via electrical and chemical signals

Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They consist of a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that sends signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Neurons are fundamental to brain function, enabling everything from basic reflexes to complex thoughts and emotions.

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research Multipotent nestin-positive, keratin-negative hair-follicle bulge stem cells can form neurons

419 citations , March 2005 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

This study demonstrated that ND-GFP stem cells from the hair-follicle bulge area can differentiate into various cell types, including neurons, suggesting their potential as a source for therapeutic applications.

research Abnormal neuronal differentiation and mitochondrial dysfunction in hair follicle-derived induced pluripotent stem cells of schizophrenia patients

198 citations , June 2013 in “Molecular psychiatry”

This study found that schizophrenia-derived neurons exhibited impaired differentiation and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting a potential link between these factors and neurodevelopmental processes in schizophrenia.

research Delta Opioid Receptors Presynaptically Regulate Cutaneous Mechanosensory Neuron Input to the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn

140 citations , February 2014 in “Neuron”

This study found that the opioid system, particularly via the delta opioid receptor, broadly regulates cutaneous mechanosensation, including touch, and suggests targeting this receptor could alleviate injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity.

research Progesterone promotes the survival of newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus of adult male mice

85 citations , May 2009 in “Hippocampus”

This study found that progesterone enhances the survival of newborn neurons in the hippocampus of adult male mice, which is associated with improved spatial learning and memory.

research Neuronal model of tactile allodynia produced by spinal strychnine: effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists and a μ-opiate receptor agonist

80 citations , December 1996 in “Pain”

This study found that spinal strychnine enhances low threshold tactile responses in cat dorsal horn neurons, which may mirror pain states in humans that are less responsive to opioid treatments.

research Neuronal plasticity of the “brain–skin connection”: stress-triggered up-regulation of neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia and skin via nerve growth factor-dependent pathways

66 citations , July 2007 in “Journal of Molecular Medicine”

This study in mice demonstrated that stress or nerve growth factor injection increases sensory neuron activity related to skin innervation, suggesting a strong connection between stress perception and neurogenic skin inflammation.

research Synaptic relationships between hair follicle afferents and neurones expressing GABA and glycine‐like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat

42 citations , September 2002 in “The Journal of Comparative Neurology”

This study found that in the dorsal horn's lamina III, most afferent boutons form synapses with presynaptic boutons immunoreactive for GABA and/or glycine, influencing sensory pathways.

research Uncomplicated differentiation of stem cells into bipolar neurons and myelinating glia

33 citations , September 2008 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

Hair follicles can be used to easily create neurons and glial cells for potential nerve repair.

research EGF–FGF2 stimulates the proliferation and improves the neuronal commitment of mouse epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs)

29 citations , June 2014 in “Experimental Cell Research”

This study found that treating mouse epidermal neural crest stem cells with EGF and FGF2 increased their proliferation and enhanced their neuronal differentiation potential.

research Combination of media, biomaterials and extracellular matrix proteins to enhance the differentiation of neural stem/precursor cells into neurons

25 citations , April 2012 in “Acta Biomaterialia”

This study observed that NSPC predominantly differentiated into neurons when exposed to serum fractions with molecules under 100 kDa, particularly with biomaterial and fibronectin, in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor.

research Ppp2r2a Knockout Mice Reveal That Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit, PP2A-B55α, Is an Essential Regulator of Neuronal and Epidermal Embryonic Development

12 citations , June 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

This study found that the PP2A-B55α regulatory subunit is crucial for ectodermal development in mice, with knockout embryos displaying severe neural and epidermal defects and failing to survive to birth.

research Isolation of Multipotent Nestin-Expressing Stem Cells Derived from the Epidermis of Elderly Humans and TAT-VHL Peptide-Mediated Neuronal Differentiation of These Cells

12 citations , May 2013 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

In this study, researchers isolated multipotent stem cells from elderly human epidermis and showed that they could differentiate into neurons using TAT-VHL peptide, suggesting potential for regenerative therapies.

research Multipotent Neural Crest Stem Cell-Like Cells from Rat Vibrissa Dermal Papilla Induce Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells

10 citations , January 2014 in “BioMed research international”

In this study, dermal papilla cells from rat vibrissae showed potential for treating CNS injuries by secreting neurotrophic factors and promoting neuronal differentiation more effectively than bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

research Construction of Tissue-Engineered Nerve Conduits Seeded with Neurons Derived from Hair-Follicle Neural Crest Stem Cells

7 citations , January 2016 in “Methods in molecular biology”

This report introduces a tissue-engineered nerve conduit combining hfNCSCs-derived neurons and acellular nerve grafts to potentially repair long-distance peripheral nerve injuries.

research Motoneuron-Specific PTEN Deletion in Mice Induces Neuronal Hypertrophy and Also Regeneration after Facial Nerve Injury

6 citations , February 2022 in “The journal of neuroscience/The Journal of neuroscience”

This study observed that deleting PTEN in mouse facial motoneurons enhanced peripheral axon regeneration but also led to physiological changes and potential hyperplasia in older mice.

research Optogenetically Controlled TrkA Activity Improves the Regenerative Capacity of Hair‐Follicle‐Derived Stem Cells to Differentiate into Neurons and Glia

6 citations , September 2020 in “Advanced Biology”

This study found that using the OptoTrkA system to control TrkA activity with blue light enhanced proliferation, migration, and differentiation of hair-follicle-derived stem cells into neuronal and glial cells.

research Characteristic Localization of Neuronatin in Rat Testis, Hair Follicle, Tongue, and Pancreas

2 citations , March 2019 in “Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry”

This study found that NNAT is localized in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells across various rat tissues and has cell-specific intracellular localization, suggesting distinct functional roles.

research Correction to: Oxytocin Receptor Expression in Hair Follicle Stem Cells: A Promising Model for Biological and Therapeutic Discovery in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

November 2025 in “Stem Cell Reviews and Reports”

The error in figures didn't affect the study's results or conclusions.

research Directing Rat Hair Follicle Stem Cells Toward Neuronal Lineage With Enhanced Trophic Factor Expression

September 2024 in “Advanced Biomedical Research”

In this study, chick embryo extract enhanced neuronal differentiation and trophic factor expression in rat hair follicle stem cells, suggesting potential improvements for stem cell therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.

research Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory neuron and Merkel-cell remodeling are decoupled during epidermal homeostasis

May 2023

This study observed a high degree of plasticity in somatosensory axons innervating Merkel cells in mouse skin, finding that both axons and Merkel cells underwent dynamic remodeling, with their interactions influencing axonal branching and maturation.

research Progesterone Promotes the Survival of Newborn Neurons in the Dentate Gyrus of Adult Male Mice

January 2010 in “Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Nanjing”

This study found that progesterone increased the survival of newborn neurons and enhanced spatial learning and memory in adult male mice, independent of neuron production changes.

research NEURONAL MIMICRY AS A RESISTANCE PHENOTYPE IN CANCER CELLS

March 2009 in “The Journal of Urology”

This study found that some cancer cells exhibit neuronal-like characteristics, which may serve as a mechanism of resistance.

research Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events of Montelukast: An Analysis of Real-World Datasets and drug−gene Interaction Network

26 citations , December 2021 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

This study found a significant association between montelukast and increased reports of neuropsychiatric adverse events, including suicidal ideation and depression, in the FAERS database.

research Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Bipolar I Disorder With Catatonic Features

26 citations , September 2009 in “Psychosomatics”

This case report highlights the importance of recognizing that neuropsychiatric symptoms in adolescents may signal the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus rather than a primary psychiatric disorder.

research Neuropsychological Assessment in Elderly Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treated with Dutasteride

20 citations , October 2018 in “Clinical Drug Investigation”

This study observed that men receiving dutasteride for benign prostatic hyperplasia did not show significant differences in neuropsychological assessments compared to a control group not on dutasteride.

research A Case of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Hair Loss as the First Diagnostic Symptom

1 citations , May 2022 in “Frontiers in Psychiatry”

In this case study, a 33-year-old female with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus experienced hair regrowth with no further loss after receiving a combination of systemic and local treatments.

research Finasteride-Induced Neuropsychiatric Reactions Are Well Established

July 2026 in “Figshare”

Dr. Mayer Brezis argues that a study by Wang et al. incorrectly concluded that finasteride does not cause depression or suicide, due to methodological flaws, and suggests halting its marketing under the precautionary principle.

research Finasteride-Induced Neuropsychiatric Reactions Are Well Established

July 2026 in “Figshare”

In this letter, Dr. Mayer Brezis critiques a study on finasteride's mental health impact, arguing that its dismissal of links between the drug and depression or suicide is flawed; he suggests market withdrawal due to established neuropsychiatric risks.

research 5α-Reductase Isoenzymes: From Neurosteroid Biosynthesis to Neuropsychiatric Outcomes

February 2026 in “NeuroSci”

This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the distribution of 5a-reductase isozymes and their implications for mental health, finding that inhibition of neurosteroidogenesis may contribute to anxiety, depression, and suicidality, with some patients experiencing persistent psychiatric effects from finasteride or dutasteride.

research Finasteride-Induced Neuropsychiatric Reactions

December 2025 in “The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry”

Finasteride can cause depression and suicidal thoughts; safer alternatives are recommended.