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GlossaryNeurons

specialized cells transmitting information via electrical and chemical signals

Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They consist of a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that sends signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Neurons are fundamental to brain function, enabling everything from basic reflexes to complex thoughts and emotions.

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Combination of Media, Biomaterials, and Extracellular Matrix Proteins to Enhance the Differentiation of Neural Stem/Precursor Cells into Neurons

research Combination of Media, Biomaterials, and Extracellular Matrix Proteins to Enhance the Differentiation of Neural Stem/Precursor Cells into Neurons

25 citations, April 2012 in “Acta Biomaterialia”

Using certain small proteins with a growth factor and specific materials can increase the creation of neurons from stem cells.

research Construction of Tissue-Engineered Nerve Conduits Seeded with Neurons Derived from Hair-Follicle Neural Crest Stem Cells

7 citations, January 2016 in “Methods in molecular biology”

Neurons from hair follicles can help repair damaged nerves.

research The 5α-Reductase Inhibitor Dutasteride but Not Finasteride Protects Dopamine Neurons in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

27 citations, May 2015 in “Neuropharmacology”

Dutasteride protects dopamine neurons in Parkinson's mice, but Finasteride doesn't.

research Neurotrophin-4 Modulates the Mechanotransducer Cav3.2 T-Type Calcium Current in Mice Down-Hair Neurons

11 citations, December 2011 in “Biochemical journal”

Neurotrophin-4 increases calcium current in specific mouse neurons through the PI3K pathway.

research Sensory Reinnervation of Human Skin by Human Neural Stem Cell-Derived Peripheral Neurons Ex Vivo

7 citations, July 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Human skin can be reconnected to nerves using stem cells, which may help with skin health and healing.

research Nestin-Expressing Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Can Differentiate into Motor Neurons and Reduce Muscle Atrophy After Transplantation to Injured Nerves

7 citations, September 2013 in “Tissue engineering. Part A”

Hair follicle stem cells can become motor neurons and reduce muscle loss after nerve injury.

research Sex-Dependent Responsiveness of Hippocampal Neurons to Sex Neurosteroids: A Role of Arc/Arg3.1

3 citations, January 2022 in “Journal of neuroendocrinology”

Sex hormones affect brain cells differently in males and females.

research Mechanical Stimulation of Human Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Cultures Activates Adjacent Sensory Neurons

2 citations, October 2023 in “Science advances”

Touching hair can activate nearby nerve cells through signals from the hair's outer layer.

research Oxytocin Receptor Is Present in Keratinocytes Near Touch and Pain Sensory Neurons

September 2024 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Oxytocin receptors are found in skin cells near touch and pain neurons.

research The Functional Organization of Cutaneous Low-Threshold Mechanosensory Neurons

660 citations, December 2011 in “Cell”

Different hair follicles in the skin are innervated by unique combinations of mechanosensory neurons, crucial for touch sensation.

research TRPA1 Modulates Mechanotransduction in Cutaneous Sensory Neurons

286 citations, April 2009 in “The journal of neuroscience/The Journal of neuroscience”

TRPA1 is crucial for mechanical sensitivity in skin sensory neurons.

research Stem Cell-Derived Motor Neurons from Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy Patients

48 citations, June 2014 in “Neurobiology of Disease”

The study suggests that motor neurons created from stem cells of patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy show signs of the disease, including changes in protein levels and cell functions.

research Lysophosphatidic Acid and Signaling in Sensory Neurons

20 citations, January 2015 in “Biochimica and biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids”

Lysophosphatidic acid affects sensory neurons and may cause neuropathic pain and itch.

research A Subpopulation of Itch-Sensing Neurons Marked by Ret and Somatostatin Expression

70 citations, February 2016 in “EMBO reports”

Scientists found a specific group of itch-sensing nerve cells in mice important for feeling itch but not for sensing heat or touch.

research Estrogen-Dependent Development of Sex Differences in Somatostatin Neurons of the Hypothalamic Periventricular Nucleus

19 citations, March 1998 in “Endocrinology”

Male rats have more somatostatin neurons than females due to testosterone converting to estrogen during early development.

The Plastic and Functional Changes in Hippocampal Neurons During Pregnancy, Delivery, and Postpartum Are Reversed by Offspring Deprivation

research The Plastic and Functional Changes in Hippocampal Neurons During Pregnancy, Delivery, and Postpartum Are Reversed by Offspring Deprivation

August 2020 in “Current psychopharmacology”

Pregnancy and nursing increase certain brain activities in rats, but these changes disappear when the babies are taken away.

research Progesterone Enhances Ethanol-Induced Modulation of Mesocortical Dopamine Neurons: Antagonism by Finasteride

47 citations, December 2002 in “Journal of Neurochemistry”

Progesterone boosts alcohol's effect on brain, finasteride counters it.

A Microscopy-Based Small Molecule Screen in Primary Neurons Reveals Neuroprotective Properties of the FDA-Approved Anti-Viral Drug Elvitegravir

research A Microscopy-Based Small Molecule Screen in Primary Neurons Reveals Neuroprotective Properties of the FDA-Approved Anti-Viral Drug Elvitegravir

3 citations, September 2020 in “Molecular Brain”

The anti-viral drug Elvitegravir may protect brain cells from damage related to neurodegenerative diseases.

Optogenetically Controlled TrkA Activity Improves the Regenerative Capacity of Hair-Follicle-Derived Stem Cells to Differentiate into Neurons and Glia

research Optogenetically Controlled TrkA Activity Improves the Regenerative Capacity of Hair-Follicle-Derived Stem Cells to Differentiate into Neurons and Glia

6 citations, September 2020 in “Advanced Biology”

Blue-light activation of TrkA improves hair-follicle stem cells' ability to become neurons and glial cells.

research Differentiation of Nestin-Negative Human Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Cells Into Neurons In Vitro

5 citations, January 2017 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

Human hair follicle cells can be turned into neural stem cell-like cells, which might help treat brain diseases.

Bisphenol-A Antagonizes the Rapidly Modulating Effect of Dihydrotestosterone on Spinogenesis and Long-Term Potentiation of Hippocampal Neurons

research Bisphenol-A Antagonizes the Rapidly Modulating Effect of Dihydrotestosterone on Spinogenesis and Long-Term Potentiation of Hippocampal Neurons

10 citations, December 2017 in “Chemosphere”

Bisphenol-A (BPA) increases connections between brain cells and boosts their activity, but it blocks the effects of a male hormone on brain cell plasticity.

research Sertolioma in a Canadian Husky: Relationship Between Tumor, Hormones, Neurons, and Skin

July 2019 in “Acta Scientiae Veterinariae”

Removing a testicular tumor in a dog reduced its aggressive behavior and skin problems.

research Microglia: Sculptors of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Brain?

1 citations, June 2023 in “Reproduction”

Microglia, the brain's immune cells, may contribute to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) by altering the female brain's structure and function, with kisspeptin neurons and GABA neurotransmitters also playing a role.

research Peripheral Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Effects of 5α-Reductase Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease Models

1 citations, July 2022 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

Dutasteride may help protect neurons and reduce inflammation in Parkinson's disease.

Differential Expression Levels of Sox9 in Early Neocortical Radial Glial Cells Regulate the Decision Between Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation

research Differential Expression Levels of Sox9 in Early Neocortical Radial Glial Cells Regulate the Decision Between Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation

1 citations, December 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Sox9 levels in brain stem cells affect whether they stay as stem cells or become neurons.

research Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Sensory Neuron and Merkel-Cell Remodeling During Epidermal Homeostasis

May 2023

Sensory neurons and Merkel cells remodel at different rates during normal skin maintenance.

research Olig2 Positive Cells Derived From Hair Follicle Neural Crest Stem Cells In Rats

February 2020 in “Journal of chemical neuroanatomy”

Researchers found a way to make rat hair follicle cells start turning into motor neuron-like cells, but couldn't fully turn them into working motor neurons.

research Promotion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Production by Sensory Neuron Stimulation: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

23 citations, December 2008 in “Current medicinal chemistry”

Stimulating sensory neurons can increase IGF-I production, which may help treat various diseases and improve tissue health.

research Identification of Relay Cells and Interneurons in the Cuneate Nucleus

201 citations, November 1964 in “Journal of neurophysiology”

The cuneate nucleus has two main neuron types: relay neurons and interneurons.

research Characterization And Neural Differentiation In Vitro Of Stem Cells From Human Deciduous Tooth Pulp

1 citations, November 2015

Dental pulp stem cells might not reliably become neurons.