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Glossary Free Testosterone

unbound testosterone available for immediate use by tissues

Free Testosterone refers to the fraction of testosterone in the bloodstream that is not bound to proteins like sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. This unbound testosterone is biologically active and readily available for tissues to use, playing a crucial role in various bodily functions such as muscle growth, mood regulation, and sexual health.

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research Triglycerides, independent of Ferriman Gallwey Score, is a main determinant of free testosterone index in PCOS

6 citations , January 2019 in “F1000Research”

This study found that triglycerides, testosterone, and SHBG levels were associated with hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS, while FGS was not linked to this condition.

research The Diagnostic Value of Free Androgen Index in Obese Adolescent Females with Idiopathic Hirsutism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

5 citations , April 2021 in “Journal of Academic Research in Medicine”

In this study, the free androgen index (FAI) was found to be a reliable marker for diagnosing and monitoring adolescent girls with hyperandrogenism, suggesting clinical reference values for PCOS, obesity, and idiopathic hirsutism.

research Is it Necessary to Measure Free Testosterone to Assess Hyperandrogenemia in Women? The Role of Calculated Free and Bioavailable Testosterone

22 citations , May 2006 in “Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes”

This study found that calculated parameters like free testosterone and bioavailable testosterone were higher in women with hirsutism and PCOS compared to controls, suggesting these might better assess hyperandrogenemia than measured hormone values.

research Reduction in the Free Androgen Index in Overweight Women After Sixty Days of a Low Glycemic Diet

January 2024 in “Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes”

In this study, a low-glycemic index anti-inflammatory diet led to decreased testosterone levels, increased sex hormone-binding globulin, and improved well-being in overweight and obese women with hyperandrogenism, suggesting that diet and lifestyle changes can positively influence clinical symptoms.

Free Androgen Index: Marker of Premature Androgenetic Alopecia in Men

research Free Androgen Index (FAI): Marker of Premature Androgenetic Alopecia in Men

1 citations , January 2016 in “Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology”

This study found that the free androgen index (FAI) is a superior marker of hyperandrogenism in men with premature androgenetic alopecia compared to DHEAS and testosterone levels.

research EXPRESS: Free androgen index and its relation with female pattern hair loss

May 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Medicine”

This study concluded that the Free Androgen Index (FAI) could serve as a reliable biomarker for hyperandrogenism in women with androgenetic alopecia, showing more predictive value than testosterone or SHBG alone.

research Effects of hyperandrogenism and high body mass index on acne severity in women.

11 citations , August 2014 in “PubMed”

This study found that women with acne had higher rates of hyperandrogenism and obesity, and higher androgen levels and BMI were linked to increased acne severity.

Correlation of Cutaneous Manifestations with Body Mass Index, Blood Glucose, and Hormonal Levels in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Disease

research Correlation of cutaneous manifestations with body mass index, blood glucose, and hormonal levels in patients with polycystic ovarian disease

3 citations , January 2020 in “Indian Dermatology Online Journal”

In this study, significant correlations were observed between acanthosis nigricans and factors like free testosterone, DHEAS, fasting blood sugar, and BMI, as well as between hirsutism and elevated DHEAS, free testosterone, and BMI among patients with polycystic ovarian disease.

Evaluating Testosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate as Biomarkers for Male Androgenetic Alopecia

research Evaluating Testosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) as Biomarkers for Male Androgenetic Alopecia

February 2025 in “East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences”

In this study conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, researchers reported that males with androgenetic alopecia had significantly higher levels of serum LH, prolactin, testosterone, DHEA-S, and free androgen index, and lower levels of serum FSH and SHBG compared to those without hair loss.

research Serum testosterone levels and clinical signs of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes

July 2021 in “International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health”

This study found that testosterone levels are commonly low among men with type 2 diabetes, and most of these men exhibit symptoms of hypogonadism, with BMI being a significant risk factor.

research Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and dehydroepiandrosterone levels and cervical length of Egyptian women with a history of recurrent miscarriages, polycystic ovary syndrome and without the conditions at three stages of pregnancy

1 citations , January 2023 in “Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology”

This study found that pregnant Egyptian women with PCOS and recurrent miscarriages showed elevated DHEA levels and shortened cervical length, which may negatively impact pregnancy outcomes.

The Influence of Obesity on Androstenedione to Testosterone Ratio in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hyperandrogenemia

research The influence of obesity on Androstenedione to Testosterone ratio in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hyperandrogenemia

15 citations , October 2011 in “Gynecological Endocrinology”

This study found that obesity in PCOS women with biochemical hyperandrogenemia lowers androstenedione levels and increases the testosterone to androstenedione ratio, but this was not observed in women with clinical hyperandrogenemia or in controls.

research Hyperandrogenemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: prevalence, characteristics and association with body mass index

19 citations , January 2017 in “Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation”

This study found a high prevalence of hyperandrogenemia in women with PCOS, with distinct biochemical differences according to BMI and presence of hyperandrogenemia.

Male Gonadal Function in Coeliac Disease: Sex Hormones

research Male gonadal function in coeliac disease: 2. Sex hormones.

69 citations , February 1983 in “Gut”

This study found that untreated men with coeliac disease exhibited androgen resistance, potentially linked to sexual dysfunction, which improved as intestinal health improved, a pattern not observed in other chronic illnesses.

research Changes of metabolic profile in men treated for androgenetic alopecia with 1 mg finasteride

24 citations , January 2010 in “Endocrine Regulations”

In this study, men taking 1 mg/day of finasteride for 12 months showed minor metabolic changes and slight improvements in glucose metabolism.

research Hair growth and androgen responses in hirsute women treated with continuous cyproterone acetate and cyclical ethinyl oestradiol

9 citations , December 1987 in “European journal of endocrinology”

In this study, 12 months of cyproterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol treatment significantly reduced hair growth rate and certain hormone levels in hirsute women, though hair density and prolactin levels remained unchanged.

Assessment of Diagnostic Competence of Plasmatic Androgens on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on Receiver Operator Characteristic Curves

research Assessment of diagnostic competence of plasmatic androgens on polycystic ovary syndrome based on receiver operator characteristic curves

8 citations , March 2010 in “Gynecological Endocrinology”

This study assessed various androgens' diagnostic effectiveness for hyperandrogenaemia in PCOS using ROC curve analysis, but it reports no specific new results.

research Relationship Between Androgen Levels and Blood Pressure in Young Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

166 citations , March 2007 in “Hypertension”

In this study, hyperandrogenemia in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome was linked to higher blood pressure, independent of factors like age, insulin resistance, obesity, or dyslipidemia.

research Androgen Profile Through Life in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Nordic Multicenter Collaboration Study

71 citations , July 2015 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”

This study found that women with PCOS have elevated serum androgen levels throughout adulthood, with these levels decreasing and variations increasing as they approach menopause.

Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis of the Performance of Basal Serum Hormone Profiles for the Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Epidemiological Studies

research Receiver operating characteristic analysis of the performance of basal serum hormone profiles for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in epidemiological studies

66 citations , November 2001 in “European journal of endocrinology”

This study suggests that decreased SHBG levels and increased FAI, free testosterone, and DHEAS concentrations are effective in diagnosing PCOS in epidemiological studies of women of reproductive age.

Differential Expression of miR-93 and miR-21 in Granulosa Cells and Follicular Fluid of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Associating with Different Phenotypes

research Differential Expression of miR-93 and miR-21 in Granulosa Cells and Follicular Fluid of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Associating with Different Phenotypes

54 citations , November 2017 in “Scientific Reports”

In this study, researchers observed that hyperandrogenic PCOS patients exhibited distinct miRNA and TGFβ signaling gene expression patterns in granulosa cells, suggesting these factors may play a role in PCOS pathogenesis.

research The Contribution of Endogenous and Exogenous Factors to Male Alopecia

37 citations , April 2013 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery”

This study found that environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and testosterone levels may significantly influence various forms of hair loss in male identical twins.

Plasma C19 Steroid Sulfate Levels and Indices of Androgen Bioavailability in Female Pattern Androgenic Alopecia

research PLASMA C19 STEROID SULPHATE LEVELS AND INDICES OF ANDROGEN BIOAVAILABILITY IN FEMALE PATTERN ANDROGENIC ALOPECIA

32 citations , January 1990 in “Clinical Endocrinology”

This study found that women with female pattern androgenic alopecia have significantly higher levels of certain androgens and androgen sulfates compared to normal premenopausal women, suggesting markers for diagnosis and treatment efficacy.

research THE EFFECT OF SPIRONOLACTONE ON HIRSUTISM AND FEMALE ANDROGEN METABOLISM

32 citations , August 1985 in “Clinical endocrinology”

This study concluded that spironolactone may be an effective therapy for a subgroup of hirsute patients, as it reduced plasma testosterone and improved certain hair growth measures.

research Hyperandrogenism and menstrual imbalance are the best predictors of metformin response in PCOS patients

9 citations , January 2022 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology”

This study aimed to identify reliable predictors for the effectiveness of metformin therapy in weight loss and reduction of plasma androgen levels in PCOS women, highlighting the unpredictability of response to treatment.

research Androgen profile in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome in their reproductive years

6 citations , June 2017 in “Reproductive Biomedicine Online”

This study found that women with polycystic ovary syndrome in China had elevated androgen levels compared to healthy controls, and suggests body weight management and SHBG and FAI testing are recommended for these women.

research PREVALENCE AND PREDICTORS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME- A STUDY FROM SOUTHERN INDIA

6 citations , January 2015 in “International journal of reproduction, contraception, obstetrics and gynecology”

In this study, metabolic syndrome was common among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, with a significant association with higher BMI and prevalent dyslipidemia.

Metformin or Thiazolidinedione Therapy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

research Metformin or thiazolidinedione therapy in PCOS?

4 citations , February 2011 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology”

Metformin and thiazolidinediones are similarly effective for PCOS, but metformin is often preferred due to fewer side effects.

research Association of Perforin and Granzyme-B Levels with Hyperandrogenism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

2 citations , July 2019 in “Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences”

This study suggests that perforin/granzyme-B might play a role in the interaction of sex hormones in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

research Effectiveness of short term canrenone treatment in idiopathic hirsutism.

2 citations , September 1989 in “PubMed”

This study found that canrenone significantly reduced hair growth and decreased certain androgen levels in women with idiopathic post-puberal hirsutism, suggesting potential effectiveness as a treatment.