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A new mutation in the mitochondrial DNA was found in a boy with MELAS, even though his family didn't show typical signs.

The document concludes that a systematic approach is crucial to identify causes of androgen excess in women beyond the most common cause, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Dermoscopy is effective for diagnosing various skin infestations and infections.

Reflectance confocal microscopy is useful for diagnosing and monitoring skin diseases, but it has limitations and requires expertise for correct use.

Hair microscopy is a simple and cost-effective method to help diagnose systemic diseases in children.

Hair loss reduces hair thickness and coverage, but drug treatments mainly revive dormant hairs rather than reverse thinning; patients often undervalue their hair loss severity.

Eosinophilic cystitis is often misdiagnosed, but accurate diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes.

Helmets used in acupuncture and light therapy can affect brain blood flow, hair growth, and may improve brain diseases and cognitive functions.

Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy resolved hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman with rare ovarian tumors.

A woman's male-pattern facial hair growth was caused by a rare malignant ovarian tumor that was difficult to diagnose and treat.

A 78-year-old man with Cronkhite-Canada syndrome improved significantly after treatment and remains symptom-free.

The muscle damage was caused by T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia, not dermatomyositis.

Removing one ovary helped treat a woman's severe PCOS symptoms when medicine didn't work.

Microneedles are being used and tested for various medical and cosmetic treatments.

PCOS is a condition causing irregular periods, excess male hormones, and infertility, often managed by targeting insulin resistance and specific symptoms.

Sudden, unusual hair loss may indicate serious underlying health issues.

A cat with severe skin issues improved with dexamethasone and cetirizine.

Dermoscopy and trichoscopy are useful for diagnosing skin signs in Dermatomyositis.

Tofacitinib successfully treated a woman's severe symptoms from a rare autoimmune condition.

An 80-year-old man grew extra hair on his forearms after starting Alzheimer's medication rivastigmine.

AFM can help diagnose lichen planopilaris by identifying specific hair structure changes.

A man had a large, rare cyst in his mouth removed after 10 years, which fixed his swallowing and breathing problems.

Children with alopecia areata have more exclamation mark hairs and fewer yellow dots than adults.

PCOS patients have more central body fat, which can be effectively measured using DEXA.

Microneedles with extracellular vesicles show promise for treating various conditions with targeted delivery.

The review shows that skin symptoms like chronic fungal infections, hair loss, and skin depigmentation are key for early detection and management of APECED.

High-resolution MRI can distinguish between tertiary androgenetic alopecia and severe alopecia areata by measuring scalp and tissue thickness and hair follicle depth.

Using existing drugs for new purposes could be a cost-effective way to treat chest pain and non-clogged heart arteries, with some drugs for lung blood pressure showing promise but needing more testing.

New understanding and treatments for hair loss are improving, but more research is needed.

The conclusion is to diagnose PCOS with just hyperandrogenism and irregular periods, and treat with lifestyle changes and basic medications.