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Hair keratins evolved from ancient proteins, diversifying through gene changes, crucial for forming claws and later hair in mammals.

The skin systems of jawed vertebrates evolved diverse appendages like hair and scales from a common structure over 420 million years ago.

Bird foot scales develop differently and can repair but not fully regenerate due to the lack of specialized stem cell areas.

Feather patterns form through genetic and epigenetic controls, with cells self-organizing into periodic patterns.

Trichohyalin-like proteins are essential for the development of skin structures like hair, nails, and feathers.

Different hair types in mammals are linked to variations in specific protein genes, with changes influenced by their living environments.

Hair growth can be stimulated by combining certain skin cells, which can rejuvenate old cells and cause them to specialize in hair follicle creation.

cDermo-1 causes dense skin, feathers, and scales in chickens.

Bioengineering can potentially treat hair loss by regenerating hair follicles and cloning hair, but the process is complex and needs more research.

Different species use the same genes for tooth regeneration.

Epidermal stem cells create and maintain skin structures like hair and nails through specific signaling pathways and vary by location and function.

Transglutaminase activity is important for skin and is found in both mammals and birds.

Some hair protein genes evolved early and were adapted for use in hair follicles.

Certain skin proteins can form anchoring structures without the protein AMACO.

Collagen makes skin stiff, and preservation methods greatly increase tissue stiffness.

Epigenetic mechanisms control skin development by regulating gene expression.

Skin cells and certain hair follicle areas produce hemoglobin, which may help protect against oxidative stress like UV damage.

Feather growth and regeneration involve complex patterns, stem cells, and evolutionary insights.

The conclusion is that understanding how feathers and hairs pattern can help in developing hair regeneration treatments.

Hair follicles are complex, dynamic mini-organs that help us understand cell growth, death, migration, and differentiation, as well as tissue regeneration and tumor biology.

Hair follicle development is controlled by interactions between skin tissues and specific molecular signals.

The conclusion is that certain cell interactions and signals are crucial for hair growth and regeneration.

Skin fat helps with body temperature control and has other active roles in health.

Wnt signaling is crucial for skin and hair development and its disruption can cause skin tumors.

Human hair follicle cells can grow hair when put into mouse skin if they stay in contact with mouse cells.

The study found that bioengineered hair follicles work when using cells from the same species but have issues when combining human and mouse cells.

Chemokine signaling is important for hair development.

Heparan sulfate is important for hair growth, preventing new hair formation in mature skin, and controlling oil gland development.

Blocking a specific protein signal can make hair grow on mouse nipples.

The conclusion is that skin and hair patterns are formed by a mix of cell activities, molecular signals, and environmental factors.