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Glossary Type I Keratin

Type I keratin is a fibrous protein that is a key structural component of hair, skin, and nails. It is classified as an acidic keratin and is primarily found in the hard tissues of the body, contributing to the strength and resilience of hair strands. In the context of hair loss, understanding type I keratin is relevant as it plays a crucial role in hair follicle health and integrity; any disruption in its production or structure can lead to weakened hair and increased susceptibility to hair loss. Distinguishing characteristics of type I keratin include its high tensile strength and its ability to form complex structures with other keratins, particularly type II keratins, to create the overall architecture of hair.

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research Novel Type I Hair Keratins K39 and K40 Are the Last to be Expressed in Differentiation of the Hair: Completion of the Human Hair Keratin Catalog

70 citations , February 2007 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

K39 and K40 are the last keratins expressed in hair development, completing the hair keratin catalog.

research Hair follicle differentiation: expression, structure and evolutionary conservation of the hair type II keratin intermediate filament gene family

65 citations , February 1992 in “Development”

This study characterizes a type II keratin intermediate filament gene family involved in early sheep follicle differentiation, detailing gene expression patterns and sequences in hair cortical cells.

research A Splice Site Mutation in the Gene of the Human Type I Hair Keratin hHa1 Results in the Expression of a Tailless Keratin Isoform

28 citations , December 1997 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study found that the hHa1-t protein variant, caused by a genetic polymorphism in the hHa1 gene, forms functional keratin filaments despite lacking a complete nonhelical tail domain, explaining the absence of a pathological hair phenotype.

research Impact of mTORC1 inhibition on keratinocyte proliferation during skin tumor promotion in wild‐type and BK5.Akt^WT mice

8 citations , September 2013 in “Molecular carcinogenesis”

This study found that rapamycin effectively inhibits TPA-induced keratinocyte proliferation and skin tumor promotion by targeting mTORC1 signaling in both wild-type and transgenic mice.

research The Type I Keratin 19 Possesses Distinct and Context-dependent Assembly Properties

46 citations , December 1998 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study found that keratin 19, unlike keratin 14, forms less stable filaments with keratin 5, suggesting distinct assembly properties and potential unique roles in skin basal cells.

research A group of type I keratin genes on human chromosome 17: characterization and expression.

141 citations , February 1988 in “Molecular and Cellular Biology”

This study found that despite strong homology between two K16 genes, only one encoded a functional protein that assembled into keratin filaments in epithelial cells, possibly due to promoter strength differences.

research A new mutation in the type II hair cortex keratin hHb1 involved in the inherited hair disorder monilethrix

100 citations , November 1997 in “Human Genetics”

In this study, researchers found that the prevalent Glu 410 Lys mutation in hHb6 and a new Glu 403 Lys mutation in hHb1 are linked to monilethrix, suggesting a mutational hotspot in type II hair keratins.

Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-Associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

research Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

98 citations , June 2001 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study identified a cluster of genes on chromosome 17 related to hair keratin-associated proteins, including 37 genes forming seven multigene families, localized in the hair shaft's upper cortex.

research Type II Keratins Are Phosphorylated on a Unique Motif during Stress and Mitosis in Tissues and Cultured Cells

80 citations , June 2002 in “Molecular Biology of the Cell”

This study found that type II keratins in proliferating epithelial tissues are phosphorylated at a conserved motif during mitosis and stress, impacting keratin solubilization and reorganization.

research Unique amino acid signatures that are evolutionarily conserved distinguish simple-type, epidermal and hair keratins

76 citations , December 2011 in “Journal of Cell Science”

This study found that keratins have evolutionarily conserved and domain-selectively enriched amino acids, which likely reflect their unique structural roles, with distinct patterns observed among epidermal, hair, and simple-type epithelial keratins.

The Human Type I Keratin Gene Family: Characterization of New Hair Follicle Specific Members and Evaluation of the Chromosome 17q21.2 Gene Domain

research The human type I keratin gene family: Characterization of new hair follicle specific members and evaluation of the chromosome 17q21.2 gene domain

70 citations , December 2004 in “Differentiation”

This study identifies six novel keratin genes from the chromosome 17q21.2 region, suggesting their association with hair follicles, while all 27 keratin genes in the domain have been characterized transcriptionally.

research Three cDNA sequences of mouse type I keratins. Cellular localization of the mRNAs in normal and hyperproliferative tissues.

57 citations , January 1987 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study identified and sequenced several keratin cDNA clones showing distinct expression patterns in mouse epithelia, with in situ hybridization highlighting differences in keratin distribution between normal and hyperproliferative tissues.

research A gene for monilethrix is closely linked to the type II keratin gene cluster at 12q13

54 citations , January 1995 in “Human Molecular Genetics”

This study mapped monilethrix, a hereditary hair and nail disorder, to the type II keratin cluster on chromosome 12q, marking the first primary human hair disorder localization and implicating defects in "hard" keratins.

research Sequence Data and Chromosomal Localization of Human Type I and Type II Hair Keratin Genes

52 citations , October 1995 in “Experimental Cell Research”

Human hair keratin genes hHa2 and hHb1 are located on chromosomes 17 and 12.

research A family of type I keratin genes and the homeobox-2 gene complex are closely linked to the rex locus on mouse chromosome 11

49 citations , October 1989 in “Genomics”

Type I keratin genes are closely linked to the rex locus on mouse chromosome 11, affecting hair development.

research A Group of Type I Keratin Genes on Human Chromosome 17: Characterization and Expression

38 citations , February 1988 in “Molecular and Cellular Biology”

This study found that among the two highly homologous K16 genes on chromosome 17, only one produced a functional protein due to stronger promoter activity.

Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 in a Growth- and Stress-Dependent Fashion

research Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 (RSK1) in a Growth- and Stress-dependent Fashion

30 citations , December 2011 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study found that serine 44 in the N-terminal head domain of keratin 17 is phosphorylated in response to various stimuli affecting skin keratinocyte growth, linking K17 up-regulation with growth and stress responses in skin epithelium.

research A homozygous missense variant in type I keratin KRT25 causes autosomal recessive woolly hair

29 citations , July 2015 in “Journal of Medical Genetics”

This study identified a new gene involved in woolly hair by linking a homozygous variant in KRT25 to autosomal recessive woolly hair in two Pakistani families.

research Mapping of monilethrix to the type II keratin gene cluster at chromosome 12q13 in three new families, including one with variable expressivity

21 citations , September 1997 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that monilethrix in three unrelated European families is linked to the type II keratin gene cluster on chromosome 12q13, with no evidence of defects in type I keratins.

research Sequence analyses of Type I and Type II chains in human hair and epithelial keratin intermediate filaments: Promiscuous obligate heterodimers, Type II template for molecule formation and a rationale for heterodimer formation

19 citations , December 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Type I and Type II keratin chains can form heterodimers despite sequence differences.

research Complete sequence of a hair-like intermediate filament type II keratin gene

15 citations , January 1993 in “DNA sequence”

This study sequenced a related gene to KRT2.9 called KRT2.13, which encodes a type II keratin protein not expressed in the hair follicle, and found significant sequence homology suggesting possible gene conversion or conservation of functional sequences.

research In vitro Assembly Properties of Human Type I and II Hair Keratins

12 citations , January 2014 in “Cell structure and function”

This study suggests that specific combinations of human type I and II hair keratins, particularly K35-K85 and K36-K81, have distinct in vitro assembly properties that are significant for macrofibril formation.

research The Human Type II Keratin Gene Cluster on Chromosome 12q13.13: Final Count or Hidden Secrets?

9 citations , February 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This review discusses the complexity and genetic organization of human keratin gene clusters and addresses the ongoing need for an updated unified naming system; it reports no new clinical results.

research Seasonal Variability in Transcript Expression of Type I and Type II Keratins in Wool Follicles of Lustrous Fleece-Producing Magra Sheep

1 citations , February 2023 in “Journal of Natural Fibers”

This study found that Magra sheep with high-luster wool exhibited significantly higher expression of keratin genes, suggesting that increased keratin protein levels may be crucial for wool luster.

research Sequence and Expression of Murine Type I Hair Keratins mHa2 and mHa3

47 citations , June 1994 in “Experimental Cell Research”

mHa2 and mHa3 keratins have different structures and roles in mouse hair and tongue tissues.

research Promoting effect of type 17 collagen production by chlorogenic acid using PLGA nanoparticles in the human epidermal keratinocyte cell

8 citations , February 2020 in “Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology”

This study demonstrated that using PLGA nanoparticles to deliver chlorogenic acid significantly increased type 17 collagen production in human epidermal cells, indicating potential for improved skincare formulations.

research K6irs1, K6irs2, K6irs3, and K6irs4 Represent the Inner-Root-Sheath-Specific Type II Epithelial Keratins of the Human Hair Follicle1

130 citations , April 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study reports the cloning and expression details of two new human type II keratins, K6irs3 and K6irs4, in the hair follicle's inner root sheath, suggesting a distinct functional role related to hair structure.