This research suggests that the digit ratio, 2D:4D, is unlikely to be a significant indicator of male androgenetic alopecia, contradicting a prominent isolated finding from a previous study.
11 citations
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September 2011 in “Biochemical journal” This study found that neurotrophin-4 regulates Cav3.2 T-current expression in D-hair neurons via TrkB receptor activation, highlighting its role in mechanosensitive function.
4 citations
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August 2017 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” The study found that males with androgenetic alopecia had a significantly lower left-hand 2D:4D digit ratio compared to healthy controls, suggesting this ratio may help estimate future AGA risk.
2 citations
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December 2008 in “Journal of Chemical Crystallography” This study reports the crystal structure and geometric parameters of a modified Finasteride derivative, highlighting significant differences in dihedral angles compared to its solvated analog and computational models.
December 2025 in “Anatomy (International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy)” In this study, researchers found that the congenital absence of the palmaris longus muscle was relatively uncommon and showed no significant differences according to sex, side, or digit ratio (2D:4D) among individuals assessed using MRI and radiographs.
6 citations
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March 2022 in “Molecules” This study found that methyl jasmonate can induce tanshinone biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza by affecting the expression of the SmMEC gene, as supported by RT-PCR and transcriptomic data.
5 citations
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January 2024 in “Crystals” This study characterized the crystal structures and supramolecular architectures of new salts made from 2,4-diaminopyrimidine and different dicarboxylic acids, revealing subtle differences in crystal packing and hydrogen-bonding patterns, particularly influenced by sulfur atom interactions, through Hirshfeld analysis and enrichment ratios.
6 citations
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March 2003 in “Archiv Der Pharmazie” This study reported that newly synthesized nonsteroidal compounds were effective at inhibiting prostatic 5 alpha reductase isozyme 2, especially the compound with an N, N-diisopropylcarbamoyl substituent, suggesting potential for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia.
58 citations
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June 2000 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” This study found that Atlantic croaker nuclear androgen receptors AR1 and AR2 have different binding affinities for androgens, suggesting that they may mediate distinct physiological actions in teleosts.
23 citations
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January 2001 in “Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin” This study found that several synthesized pregnane derivatives exhibited significant inhibitory effects on testosterone conversion to dihydrotestosterone and reduced related androgenic parameters in multiple pharmacological models.
19 citations
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July 2015 in “Journal of Ginseng Research” In this study, Korean Red Ginseng showed protective effects against chemotherapy-induced premature hair follicle aging in an in vitro model by modulating specific cellular protein expressions.
1 citations
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October 2025 in “Nano Research” In this study, researchers developed a dissolvable microneedle patch combining HA-TEMPO and Portulaca oleracea L.-derived nanoparticles, which effectively reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in an atopic dermatitis model while restoring immune balance, suggesting a promising treatment strategy.
February 2025 in “Global Academic Journal of Pharmacy and Drug Research” This study reported that compounds from the root of Beta vulgaris, specifically 4-picoline and Betalain, showed potential as effective anti-hair loss treatments by demonstrating significant inhibitory activity against the enzyme 5α-reductase in a computational molecular docking study.
22 citations
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May 1986 in “Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism” This study found that women with lower 2D:4D ratios and fewer middle-phalangeal hairs reported more adverse side effects from oral contraceptives, suggesting these features may predict hormonal contraceptive side effects.
5 citations
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May 2019 in “Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia” This article discusses the connection between prenatal androgen exposure, marked by the second-to-fourth digit ratio, and seborrheic dermatitis, but reports no new experimental findings.
1 citations
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December 2025 in “Selçuk tıp dergisi/Selçuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi dergisi” In this cross-sectional study, researchers observed that patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, particularly women, had lower 2D:4D finger length ratios compared to healthy controls, suggesting a potential link to prenatal androgen exposure and disease severity, though further prospective research is needed to confirm this hormonal impact.
This study found that women with PCOS had significant hormonal imbalances, increased central obesity, and a lower 2D:4D digit ratio, suggesting prenatal androgen exposure may play a role in the condition's development.
December 2023 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology” This study developed the mTurquoise2-Col4a1 mouse model and used fluorescent tagging of collagen IV to offer new insights into basement membrane dynamics during hair follicle budding, revealing that basement membranes are flexible and stable structures in developing skin tissue.
November 2021 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” This study found that among vitiligo patients in south-southern Nigeria, there were significant correlations between digit lengths and digit ratio, but further research is needed due to the small sample size.
June 2018 in “Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research” In this study, a significant negative correlation was observed between the 2D:4D digit ratio and maxillary sinus volume in men, suggesting an androgenic hormone influence on sinus volume development.
March 2018 in “Benha Journal of Applied Sciences” This study found that while prolactin and DHEA-S levels were higher in women with hirsutism compared to controls, there was no significant correlation between second to fourth digit ratio and hormonal profiles.
April 2012 in “The Journal of Urology” In this prospective cohort study, male pattern baldness was identified as an independent predictor of prostate cancer, while the 2D:4D finger ratio was not associated with the cancer risk.
December 2022 in “The Aging Male” This study found that in male patients, a lower right-handed 2D:4D digit ratio combined with older age correlated with increased severity risk of androgenetic alopecia.
20 citations
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September 2021 in “Nature communications” In this study, researchers identified a gene expression pre-pattern and implicated the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf 4 in the formation of color patterns in domestic cat embryos.
15 citations
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January 2019 in “Mediators of inflammation” This study concluded that Aloe vera fermentation significantly accelerates burn injury healing in rats by reducing inflammation and altering gut microbiota composition.
10 citations
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January 2014 in “Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin” This study found that hair follicle-plugging reduced skin permeation of certain model drugs, with effects varying based on EtOH pretreatment and the drug being evaluated.
2 citations
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July 2022 in “The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences” This study demonstrated that the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 may enhance the survival of allogeneic fat grafts in mice by reducing immune rejection and improving neovascularization.
October 2022 in “Legume Research” This study developed a protocol for callus induction and found that certain hormone concentrations enhance the production of flavonoids, phenols, and terpenes in Bituminaria bituminosa.
September 2024 in “Turkish Journal of Dermatology” In this study, researchers found that males with alopecia areata had a significantly lower 2D to 4D finger length ratio compared to healthy controls, suggesting this ratio might predict alopecia areata development, though it did not correlate with disease severity.
53 citations
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November 2021 in “Molecular Human Reproduction” This study found that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine attenuated ferroptosis in the uterus and placenta of a PCOS-like rat model, indicating its potential as a therapeutic strategy for PCOS-related complications.