Association Between Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Palmaris Longus Muscle Agenesis According to Gender: A Radiological Study

    December 2025 in “ Anatomy (International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy) ”
    Seda Sertel Meyvacı, Beyza Çelik, Ayşenur Buz Yaşar, Handan Ankaralı
    TLDR Palmaris longus muscle absence is uncommon and not linked to gender, hand side, or finger ratio.
    This study investigated the association between palmaris longus muscle (PLM) agenesis, sex, and the digit ratio (2D:4D) in 264 individuals using MRI and hand radiographs. PLM was absent in 16.3% of cases, with no significant sex difference (13.9% in males, 18.1% in females) or side-related difference (17.4% right, 15.0% left). Additionally, no significant association was found between PLM presence and the 2D:4D ratio. The findings suggest that PLM agenesis is relatively uncommon and not significantly associated with sex, side, or digit ratio, aligning with previous studies.
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