Immunology of Alopecia Areata

November 2020 in “ Central-European Journal of Immunology/Central European Journal of Immunology ”

Marta Żeberkiewicz, Lidia Rudnicka, Jacek Malejczyk

alopecia areata autoimmune disease immune privilege hair follicles anagen phase melanogenesis autoantigens genetic component

Studysummary This review explores the autoimmune hypothesis of alopecia areata and the possible genetic and melanogenesis-associated autoantigens, but reports no new clinical findings.

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$Oral Tofacitinib Monotherapy in Korean Patients with Refractory Moderate-to-Severe Alopecia Areata: A Case Series$

research Oral Tofacitinib Monotherapy in Korean Patients with Refractory Moderate-to-Severe Alopecia Areata: A Case Series

44 citations , October 2017 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

In this study, tofacitinib monotherapy was effective in achieving hair regrowth in over half of Korean patients with moderate-to-severe and refractory alopecia areata, though treatment discontinuation typically led to hair loss recurrence.

The Contributory Roles of Th17 Lymphocyte and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte at the Hair Bulge Region and Hair Bulb Area in Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients

research The Contributory Roles of Th17 Lymphocyte and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte at the Hair Bulge Region and Hair Bulb Area in Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients

18 citations , January 2017 in “Annals of dermatology/Annals of Dermatology”

This study found that Th17 lymphocytes may play a more crucial role than cytotoxic T cells in the development of alopecia areata due to their infiltration around the hair bulb/bulge, which exacerbates hair loss as histopathological grade worsens.

research CXCR3 Blockade Inhibits T Cell Migration Into the Skin and Prevents Development of Alopecia Areata

64 citations , July 2016 in “Journal of Immunology”

In this study, blocking the CXCR3 receptor in mice prevented the development of alopecia areata by inhibiting the accumulation of specific T cells in the skin, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for humans.

research Reversal of Alopecia Areata Following Treatment With the JAK1/2 Inhibitor Baricitinib

184 citations , February 2015 in “EBioMedicine”

This study observed that baricitinib treatment led to significant improvement in a patient's alopecia areata symptoms and suggests further clinical trials to explore its potential as a treatment.

research Alopecia Areata Is Driven by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Is Reversed by JAK Inhibition

701 citations , August 2014 in “Nature medicine”

This study found that JAK inhibitors promote hair regrowth in both mice and human alopecia areata cases by blocking key immune pathways involved in disease development.

research Evaluation and Diagnosis of the Hair Loss Patient

86 citations , August 2014 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This article discusses the history taking and clinical examination process for diagnosing alopecia and outlines a diagnostic approach, noting that it reports no new clinical results.

research Evaluation and Diagnosis of the Hair Loss Patient

69 citations , August 2014 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This review discusses recent advances in trichoscopy for differentiating types of alopecia and presents a systematic approach for using its diagnostic findings, but reports no new clinical results.

research Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Oral Tofacitinib Reverses Alopecia Universalis in a Patient with Plaque Psoriasis

185 citations , June 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This case report describes complete hair regrowth in a patient with alopecia universalis and improved psoriasis after treatment with the oral Janus kinase inhibitor, tofacitinib.

research Alopecia Areata After HLA-Identical Bone Marrow Transplant from an Affected Sibling Donor

4 citations , January 2014 in “Bone marrow transplantation”

Alopecia areata can be transferred through stem cell transplants from affected siblings.

research Hepatitis C Treatment and Alopecia Totalis

8 citations , December 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

This case report detailed alopecia universalis developing shortly after hepatitis C treatment with peg-interferon, ribavirin, and telaprevir, suggesting potential immune-related links between interferon treatment and alopecia areata.

research Recent Advances in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Hair Loss Disease Alopecia Areata

106 citations , January 2013 in “Clinical and Developmental Immunology”

This review discusses the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, highlighting the role of immune privilege collapse in hair follicles but reports no clinical results.

research Genetic Basis of Alopecia Areata

40 citations , October 2012 in “Dermatologic clinics”

This review highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanisms in alopecia areata to develop evidence-based treatments, but it provides no new experimental results.

research Treatment Options for Alopecia: An Update, Looking to the Future

35 citations , May 2012 in “Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy”

This review summarizes current and emerging treatments for common hair loss conditions, highlighting good evidence for androgenetic alopecia but noting the lack of long-term data for alopecia areata and cicatricial alopecias.

research Stem Cells and Alopecia: A Review of Pathogenesis

33 citations , April 2012 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This review discusses the role of stem cells in alopecia pathogenesis, highlighting the differences between scarring and nonscarring types, and reports no new clinical results.

research Late-Onset Alopecia Areata: A Retrospective Study of 73 Patients from Taiwan

21 citations , February 2012 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

This study found that late-onset alopecia areata is more common in women and tends to present with milder symptoms, with some patients achieving complete hair regrowth in mild cases.

research The Genetics of Alopecia Areata: What's New and How Will It Help Our Patients?

43 citations , May 2011 in “Dermatologic therapy”

This study identified at least eight genetic regions associated with alopecia areata, which may lead to the development of new targeted therapies based on these findings.

research Self-Organizing and Stochastic Behaviors During the Regeneration of Hair Stem Cells

176 citations , April 2011 in “Science”

This study found that in a population of hair follicles, regenerative cycling stages are regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals, with WNT/BMP signaling mediating interactions among follicles for adaptability.

research Utility of Dermoscopy in Alopecia Areata

76 citations , January 2011 in “Indian Journal of Dermatology/Indian journal of dermatology”

In this study, researchers identified yellow dots as the most common dermoscopic feature of alopecia areata, followed by black dots, broken hairs, short vellus hair, and tapering hairs.

research The Cell Biology of Human Hair Follicle Pigmentation

127 citations , November 2010 in “Pigment cell & melanoma research”

This article discusses the challenges in hair follicle pigmentation research compared to epidermal melanocytes and highlights the limitations of relying on mouse models, but reports no new experimental findings.

research Genome-Wide Association Study in Alopecia Areata Implicates Both Innate and Adaptive Immunity

717 citations , June 2010 in “Nature”

This study identified key genetic regions associated with alopecia areata, highlighting both acquired and innate immune involvement, with a novel link to the upregulation of ULBP ligands in autoimmune disease.

research Type 1 Interferon Signature in the Scalp Lesions of Alopecia Areata

52 citations , March 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study demonstrated the expression of type 1 interferon-related proteins in inflammatory lesions of alopecia areata, showing a distinct distribution pattern compared to cicatricial alopecia.

research Alopecia Areata Update

244 citations , January 2010 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This review discusses treatment options for alopecia areata and suggests tailored treatment plans, noting the challenges posed by spontaneous remission and limited high-quality clinical trials.

research Recombinant Human Hepatitis B Vaccine Initiating Alopecia Areata: Testing the Hypothesis Using the C3H/HeJ Mouse Model

23 citations , January 2009 in “Veterinary Dermatology”

This study found that recombinant hepatitis B vaccine may increase the risk of alopecia areata onset in older predisposed mice but larger trials suggest this effect might lie within normal variation.

research Significance of Dermoscopy in Acute Diffuse and Total Alopecia of the Female Scalp: Review of Twenty Cases

42 citations , January 2008 in “Dermatology”

This study reports that dermoscopy is a useful diagnostic tool for distinguishing acute diffuse and total alopecia of the female scalp from female pattern hair loss by identifying specific hair features.

research Maintenance of Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Is Linked to Prevention of NK Cell Attack

253 citations , December 2007 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study suggests that human hair follicles may actively suppress natural killer cells, which contrasts with the observed defects in NK cell regulation in alopecia areata.

research The Importance of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Regulating Autoimmune Effector Cells in Chronic Contact Eczema

84 citations , October 2007 in “The Journal of Immunology”

This study found that chronic eczema supports the expansion of myeloid suppressor cells, which contribute to silencing autoreactive T cells and partially promote hair regrowth in alopecia areata.

research Lymphocytes, Neuropeptides, And Genes Involved In Alopecia Areata

286 citations , August 2007 in “Journal of Clinical Investigation”

This review examines the interplay of genetics and neuroimmunology in alopecia areata, highlighting its potential to inform broader autoimmunity research, but reports no new findings.

research Genomewide Scan for Linkage Reveals Evidence of Several Susceptibility Loci for Alopecia Areata

143 citations , January 2007 in “The American Journal of Human Genetics”

This study identified four genetic loci on chromosomes 6, 10, 16, and 18 that may contribute to susceptibility for alopecia areata and suggested shared genetic factors with psoriasis.

research A Chronic Contact Eczema Impedes Migration of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Alopecia Areata

24 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that allergen treatment in alopecia areata mice appeared to alter leukocyte subset distribution and impaired dendritic cell migration, which may affect T-cell activation and hair follicle recovery.

research Modulation of Hair Growth with Small Molecule Agonists of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

113 citations , September 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that a topical hedgehog agonist can stimulate hair growth by promoting the transition from the resting to growth phase of the hair cycle in adult mouse skin.

research Characterization of Hair Follicle Antigens Targeted by the Anti-Hair Follicle Immune Response

148 citations , September 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder causing hair loss, linked to specific hair follicle antigens and genetic factors.

research The Pattern and Profile of Alopecia Areata in Singapore: A Study of 219 Asians

275 citations , November 2002 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that among an Asian population with alopecia areata, commonly first episodes occurred before age 40, with severe cases linked to psychological effects and treatments showing significant regrowth.

research Towards a Molecular Understanding of Hair Loss and Its Treatment

236 citations , July 2001 in “Trends in Molecular Medicine”

This review discusses common hair loss conditions and explores how advancements in hair follicle biology might lead to more effective treatments but reports no new results.

research The Biology of Hair Follicles

1113 citations , August 1999 in “The New England Journal of Medicine”

This article discusses the biologic and psychosocial significance of hair, the current limitations in hair growth drugs, and anticipates future therapies based on advancing hair follicle research.

research The Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata

89 citations , October 1996 in “Dermatologic Clinics”

This review discusses androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata through a systems biology lens, emphasizing the role of multi-omics data integration to explore molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies, but offers no new clinical results.

research Histopathology of Non-Scarring Alopecia

122 citations , April 1995 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

The document describes how to tell different types of non-scarring hair loss apart by looking at hair and scalp tissue under a microscope.

research Failure of Passive Transfer of Serum From Patients With Alopecia Areata and Alopecia Universalis to Inhibit Hair Growth in Transplants of Human Scalp Skin Grafted Onto Nude Mice

60 citations , February 1992 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

In this study, serum from patients with alopecia areata or universalis did not affect hair growth in transplanted scalp skin grafts on nude mice, despite increased deposition of immunoreactants.