Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Wound Repair: From Biology to Therapeutic Innovation

The review examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wound repair, focusing on the roles of various cells and signaling pathways across the four phases of healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. It highlights the importance of cellular communication, epigenetic regulation, and the impact of systemic factors like diabetes and aging on healing. Recent advancements in biomaterials, engineered scaffolds, and stem cell-derived products are paving the way for mechanism-based therapies, although challenges such as wound heterogeneity and safe delivery of biologics remain. The integration of classical models with new insights aims to develop precision wound medicine and personalized interventions to enhance healing outcomes and quality of life.