January 2025 in “Japanese Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology” This study found that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was prevalent among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and was linked to higher BMI, waist/hip ratio, testosterone levels, and deranged lipid profile.
January 2025 in “Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics” This study found that the uric acid to creatinine ratio had excellent diagnostic ability for polycystic ovary syndrome, with significant associations to metabolic and hematologic changes in PCOS patients.
6 citations
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April 2019 in “Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism” In this study, metformin improved BMI, menstrual regularity, and symptoms of hyperandrogenism in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, but did not enhance glycemic control.
March 2024 in “International journal of life-sciences scientific research/SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences” This systematic review reported that PCOS is marked by increased androgens, hirsutism, and an elevated LH/FSH ratio, with metformin showing a therapeutic effect on menstrual cycles, emphasizing the need for individualized treatment strategies.
38 citations
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May 2006 in “Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics” This study reported that women with PCOS had higher levels of certain hormones and lower SHBG levels compared to non-PCOS women with similar symptoms, highlighting a less favorable endocrine profile in PCOS cases.
16 citations
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May 2013 in “Urology” The authors concluded that components of metabolic syndrome were strongly associated with severe lower urinary tract symptoms in Latin American men, while alopecia was not an independent predictor.
December 2025 in “IntechOpen eBooks” This source critically examines the limitations of using BMI to assess obesity in women, especially during reproductive, pregnancy, and postmenopausal stages, and discusses more precise alternative methods for evaluating obesity in line with sex-specific healthcare needs.
December 2022 in “Cumhuriyet medical journal” This study observed that women with PCOS and no hyperandrogenism (group 3) had similar metabolic issues to those with classic PCOS, while those with no menstrual dysfunction (group 2) had milder issues related to lipid and insulin resistance.
26 citations
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August 2014 in “Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers” This study suggests that the TNF-α system may contribute to hyperandrogenism, obesity, and insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome, independent of the C850T polymorphism.
491 citations
,
July 2000 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” This study found that the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome was 6.5% in a minimally biased sample of Caucasian women from Spain.
298 citations
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July 2000 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” This study found a 6.5% prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among a population of Caucasian women in Spain, based on specific endocrine criteria.
75 citations
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July 2013 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” This study found that combining low-dose spironolactone with metformin provided greater clinical benefits and improved treatment compliance in women with PCOS compared to either drug alone.
22 citations
,
January 2015 in “BioMed Research International” This study reports that the burden of PCOS was higher among urban Indian adolescent females compared to their rural counterparts.
20 citations
,
September 2023 in “Nutrients” In this study, a very-low-calorie diet led to greater weight loss and improvements in hyperandrogenaemia and metabolic markers in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to a moderate energy deficit approach over eight weeks.
13 citations
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April 2015 in “Human Reproduction” Obese Hispanic women with PCOS are at higher risk for metabolic problems than non-Hispanic white women.
8 citations
,
January 2024 in “Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences” This study found that serum zinc levels were lower in PCOS subjects compared to normal controls, suggesting zinc may play a vital role in PCOS pathophysiology.
7 citations
,
January 2017 in “Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology” This study found that 45.8% of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome in the reproductive age group had metabolic syndrome, with low HDL and high triglycerides being significant characteristics.
3 citations
,
August 2020 in “Nutrition Journal” This study found that spinach-derived thylakoid supplementation, combined with a calorie-restricted diet, led to more significant improvements in weight loss and insulin sensitivity in obese women with PCOS than calorie restriction alone.
2 citations
,
July 2024 in “Ibn AL- Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Science” This study found that PCOS women with COVID-19 had lower ACE2 levels and higher insulin resistance, suggesting increased cardiovascular risk.
2 citations
,
January 2013 This study found that three months of metformin therapy improved acne, hirsutism, and menstrual irregularities in women with PCOS, along with hormonal and ultrasonographic changes.
2 citations
,
January 2005 in “PubMed” In this study, females with hirsutism showed higher levels of certain androgens and reported more frequent symptoms such as infertility and increased skin greasiness compared to those without hirsutism.
January 2026 in “Frontiers in Medicine” This study found that acupuncture may reduce anxiety and depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, potentially through hormonal and neuroendocrine modulation, but further high-quality research is needed to confirm these findings.
January 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” In this study, correlations between urinary and serum androgen metabolites were examined in girls aged 6-13, revealing that summed urinary metabolites strongly correspond with circulating androstenedione and testosterone levels, though individual variations depend on participant characteristics such as age and body measurements.
January 2023 in “International journal of medical science and health research” This study found that anovulatory PCOS patients were younger, had longer menstrual cycles, and higher systolic blood pressures compared to ovulatory patients.
January 2011 in “Practical medicine” The authors reported that both finasteride and oral contraceptives with drospirenone had a significant therapeutic effect on women with polycystic ovary syndrome, leading to pregnancies in both treatment groups.
November 2003 in “Aap Grand Rounds” This study found that a combination of low-dose flutamide and metformin therapy may reverse insulin resistance and reduce fat mass in nonobese adolescents with PCOS.
September 2002 in “Fertility and sterility” This study found that metformin therapy is associated with the initiation of ovulatory cycles in women with PCOS and a trend toward reduced 17P responses after six months, but did not improve hirsutism or body composition.
March 2013 in “The Journal of Urology” This study found that patients with androgenetic alopecia frequently had higher PSA levels and more significant urinary symptoms, likely due to older age, though prostate weight did not differ.
14 citations
,
December 2017 in “Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism” This study found that women with polycystic ovary syndrome had a higher risk of fractures, including osteoporotic and specific types like spine and forearm fractures, compared to those without the condition.
49 citations
,
June 2003 in “European journal of cardiovascular prevention & rehabilitation” In this study, female androgenic alopecia (grade II or III on Ludwig's scale) was found to be common among Finnish women aged 63, and several markers of insulin resistance, along with paternal history of alopecia, were associated with an increased risk.