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The best method for urethral reconstruction is using hypoxia-preconditioned stem cells with autologous cells on a vascularized synthetic scaffold.

Cell transplantation faces challenges in genitourinary reconstruction, but alternative tissue sources and microencapsulation show promise.

Male genital development is driven by androgen signaling and understanding it could help address congenital anomalies.

Asia has made significant progress in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but wider clinical use requires more development.

A 10-year-old boy with abnormal genital development had surgery and tests to find the cause and plan treatment.

Both genes and environmental factors like chemicals may contribute to the increase in hypospadias, but the exact causes are still unclear.

In Japan, sex reassignment surgery for gender identity disorder faces challenges and needs better medical support and education.

Tissue expansion for head and neck reconstruction has good blood supply and doesn't need capsule removal, but expect temporary hair loss with normal growth resuming after 6-8 months.

Scalp expansion is an effective way to reconstruct the scalp with good cosmetic outcomes.

Early diagnosis and treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa are important to prevent serious physical and mental effects.

Mutations in the hairless gene in mice affect its expression and lead to a range of developmental issues in multiple tissues.

Finasteride lowers DHT levels and raises testosterone in a dose-dependent way.

Non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a common disorder causing symptoms like acne and infertility, and it's managed based on symptoms, not just test results. Treatment can improve fertility and reduce miscarriage risk.

CAH is a genetic disorder affecting cortisol production and causing hormonal imbalances, with treatment and diagnosis varying by form and symptoms.

The safety and effectiveness of gender-affirming treatments for children are uncertain, with potential long-term risks like infertility.

The document concludes that proper diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial for managing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia effectively.

Hormones and metabolism play a complex role in prostate enlargement, and more research is needed to improve diagnosis and treatment.

Using buccal mucosa for hypospadias repair in children is effective and reduces complications.

Prostate-specific antigen may be a new marker for excess male hormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Menopause can cause skin issues, and seeing a dermatologist helps.

5α-reductase inhibitors help treat disorders caused by DHT and have potential for future therapies.

Polypoid cystitis can mimic bladder cancer but can be effectively treated with surgery, stents, and medication.

Flutamide-induced hypospadias in rats slows down early wound healing.

Environmental factors and exposure to toxins may contribute to male infertility by affecting sperm and hormone function.

The chapter explains the causes of excessive hair growth and masculinization in women and how to measure hormone levels related to these conditions.

Pica disorder in central Iraq is mainly found in females and is linked to low iron levels; treatment with iron improves most patients.

A 37-year-old male with severe skin and internal issues has a rare inherited skin condition called dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

The junction of the inner and outer prepuce with good blood flow is best for vascular pedicle flaps.

Micro-CT helps identify suitable areas for surgical procedures based on blood vessel distribution in hypospadias-affected rats.