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Glossary Interleukins

proteins that help cells communicate in the immune system

Interleukins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system by facilitating communication between cells. They help regulate inflammation, immune responses, and the development of white blood cells. For example, certain interleukins can promote the growth of T-cells, which are essential for fighting infections, while others can trigger inflammation to help the body respond to injury or infection.

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research Interleukin-25-Mediated-IL-17RB Upregulation Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice by Improving Endothelial Cell Functions

34 citations , January 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This study found that IL-25-mediated-IL-17RB signaling improved diabetic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and endothelial cell function, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for poorly healing diabetic wounds.

research Minoxidil downregulates Interleukin-1 alpha gene expression in HaCaT cells

16 citations , January 2018 in “International Journal of Trichology”

In this study, minoxidil significantly downregulated interleukin-1 alpha expression in human keratinocyte cells, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect that may be a mechanism of action in treating alopecia.

research Evaluation of the level of serum Interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-15 andIL-17) and its relationship with disease severity in patients with alopecia areata

14 citations , July 2021 in “Anais brasileiros de dermatologia/Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”

This study found that alopecia areata patients had higher baseline interleukin levels, which significantly decreased with tofacitinib treatment, though this change did not correspond to disease severity improvement.

research Serum level of interleukin-15 in active alopecia areata patients and its relation to age, sex, and disease severity

14 citations , January 2020 in “Advances in Dermatology and Allergology”

This study found that elevated serum levels of IL-15 in active alopecia areata patients are correlated with disease severity, suggesting it plays a role in disease pathogenesis.

research A functional polymorphism in interleukin-1α (IL1A) gene is associated with risk of alopecia areata in Chinese populations

11 citations , March 2013 in “Gene”

This study reported that the IL1A 4-bp indel polymorphism is associated with a reduced risk of alopecia areata in Chinese populations, possibly through miR-122 mediated regulation of IL-1α expression.

research The role of salivary vitamin D and interleukin-6 on non-scarring Alopecia

3 citations , October 2024 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Salivary vitamin D and IL-6 could help diagnose and manage non-scarring alopecia.

research Wound healing protects against chemotherapy-induced alopecia in young rats via up-regulating interleukin-1β-mediated signaling

3 citations , May 2017 in “Heliyon”

This study found that in a neonatal rat model, skin wounding protected against chemotherapy-induced alopecia through IL-1β signaling, making hair follicles more resistant to damage when wounding exposure was timed correctly.

research Interleukin gene polymorphisms and alopecia areata: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2 citations , February 2024 in “Medicine”

In this study, researchers found that the rs3118470 mutation in the IL2RA gene significantly increases the risk of developing alopecia areata, and they emphasize the need for future research with larger, more diverse populations to validate these results.

research Interleukins gene polymorphism in alopecia areata patients: a systematic review

1 citations , May 2025 in “Fayoum University Medical Journal/Fayoum University Medical Journal ”

This systematic review reported an association between specific interleukin gene polymorphisms (IL-17A, IL-18, IL17RA, and IL16) and alopecia areata, suggesting further genetic studies are needed to confirm the interleukins' role in the disorder's progression.

research Serum levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1α, IL-1β) in patients with alopecia areata

1 citations , July 2012 in “Nasza Dermatologia Online”

This study found that patients with alopecia areata had significantly higher serum levels of IL-1α compared to healthy controls, with no significant difference observed in IL-1β levels.

A Systematic Review of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blockers, Anti-Interleukins, and Small Molecule Inhibitors for Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp Treatment

research A systematic review of tumor necrosis factor-α blockers, anti-interleukins, and small molecule inhibitors for dissecting cellulitis of the scalp treatment

May 2025 in “Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases”

This review suggests that immunomodulators, including TNF-α blockers and IL inhibitors, may improve symptoms of moderate-to-severe dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, but their effects on hair regrowth and scarring remain unclear.

research Assessment of Interleukin-17A and Interleukin-2 Serum Levels in Patients with Alopecia Areata

December 2024 in “Kufa Medical journal”

The study reported that patients with alopecia areata had significantly higher serum levels of IL-17A and IL-2 compared to healthy controls, suggesting these interleukins may play an important role in the disease, though they did not correlate with its severity or duration.

Effect of Diode Pumping Solid State Laser with Wavelength 589 nm on Gene Expression of Interleukin-2 and Interferon-Gamma in Human T-Lymphocytes

research Effect of diode pumping solid state laser with wavelength 589 nm on gene expression of interlukine-2 and interferon-gamma Lowercase in human T-lymphocytes

September 2024 in “Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association”

In this experimental study, laser irradiation significantly altered the gene expression of cytokines in cultured human T-cell lymphocytes, suggesting that such laser light may photobiomodulate cytokine production in vitro.

White Adipose Tissue Initiates IL-33-Dependent Expression of Interleukin 4/13 in Myeloid Cells During Inflammation

research Das weiße Hautfettgewebe initiiert die IL-33-abhängige Expression von Interleukin 4/13 in myeloischen Zellen während einer Entzündung

August 2024 in “Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden)”

In this study on mice, researchers observed that dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) plays a key role in regulating skin inflammation and tissue repair; however, reduced expression of certain cytokines in obese mice may hinder these processes, indicating potential metabolic disruptions in dWAT during inflammation.

Increased Serum Interleukin-17A Levels Correlate with Disease Severity and Poor Prognostic Factors in Patients with Alopecia Areata

research Increased serum interleukin-17A levels correlate with disease severity and poor prognostic factors in patients with alopecia areata

October 2021 in “Dermatology Reports”

This study found that serum IL-17A levels were significantly higher in patients with alopecia areata compared to healthy controls and correlated with disease severity and activity.

research Regularities of Change Concentrations of Interleukin-17A, Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-10 in the Blood of People with Alopecia Areata before and after Treatment with Platelet-Rich Plasma

September 2021 in “Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu”

This study found that in patients with alopecia areata, platelet-rich plasma therapy reduced elevated levels of interleukin-17A and interleukin-2 to control levels after 17 months.

research Interleukin 6: insights to its function in skin by overexpression in transgenic mice.

221 citations , June 1992 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

In this study, IL-6 expression in transgenic mice thickened the stratum corneum without causing increased epidermal proliferation or inflammation, suggesting it may enhance skin protection rather than directly induce inflammation.

research Dermatologic Changes Associated With Interleukin 2 Administration

123 citations , September 1987 in “JAMA”

This study observed that patients receiving IL-2 immunotherapy developed a skin eruption characterized by burning and pruritus, which resolved shortly after stopping the infusion, suggesting that IL-2 mediated these effects.

research Interleukin-1 Induces Transcription of Keratin K6 in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes

90 citations , February 2001 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that interleukin-1 directly induces the expression of keratin 6 in keratinocytes, which is a marker of activation and involved in inflammatory skin responses.

research The many faces of interleukin-17 in inflammatory skin diseases

77 citations , April 2016 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This article reviews the role of IL-17 in inflammatory skin disorders and highlights its potential therapeutic targeting in both neutrophilic and lymphocyte-mediated conditions, reporting no new experimental results.

research WNT5A drives interleukin-6-dependent epithelial–mesenchymal transition via the JAK/STAT pathway in keloid pathogenesis

56 citations , January 2022 in “Burns & Trauma”

This study suggests that intercellular communication via the WNT5A and STAT pathways may partly drive EMT-like phenomena in keloid pathogenesis, based on findings in an animal model.

research Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1 Antagonists Alleviate Inflammatory Skin Changes Associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody Therapy in Mice

53 citations , July 2009 in “Cancer Research”

In this mouse study, the researchers found that the monoclonal antibody ME1 causes hair follicle inflammation by up-regulating TNFα, which can be reduced by TNFα and interleukin-1 inhibitors.

research The association between Interleukin (IL)-4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism and alopecia areata (AA) in Turkish population

42 citations , July 2013 in “Gene”

This study found that intron 3 VNTR polymorphism in the IL-4 gene may be associated with an increased risk of alopecia areata in the Turkish population.

research Testosterone stimulates proliferation and inhibits interleukin‐6 production of normal and hereditary gingival fibromatosis fibroblasts

39 citations , May 2002 in “Oral Microbiology and Immunology”

In this study, dihydrotestosterone increased proliferation and decreased IL-6 production in in-vitro fibroblasts from hereditary gingival fibromatosis and normal gingiva, effects partially reversed by anti-androgens.

research Interleukin-1β Is Differentially Expressed by Human Dermal Papilla Cells in Response to PKC Activation and Is a Potent Inhibitor of Human Hair Follicle Growth in Organ Culture

38 citations , March 1997 in “Journal of interferon & cytokine research”

This study suggests that IL-1β produced by dermal papilla cells, regulated by protein kinase C, may inhibit human hair follicle growth through paracrine signaling.

research Activation of liver X receptors inhibits experimental fibrosis by interfering with interleukin-6 release from macrophages

36 citations , March 2014 in “Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases”

This study found that activating liver X receptors with an agonist reduced skin fibrosis in experimental models, particularly in inflammation-driven conditions, by inhibiting macrophage infiltration and interleukin-6 release.

research Interleukin-1β-Induced Inhibition of Hair Growth In Vitro Is Mediated by Cyclic AMP

33 citations , January 1997 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Interleukin-1β stops hair growth by increasing cyclic AMP levels.

research Interleukin-10-deficient Mice Are Less Susceptible to the Induction of Alopecia Areata

31 citations , October 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

IL-10 may worsen alopecia areata instead of helping it.

research Recurrence of Pemphigus Vulgaris Associated With Interleukin 2 Therapy

25 citations , July 1994 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This study describes a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who experienced a recurrence of pemphigus vulgaris after receiving interleukin 2 immunotherapy, suggesting a possible link between the treatment and autoimmune disease recurrence.

research Association Between Interleukin 18 Polymorphisms and Alopecia Areata in Koreans

22 citations , January 2014 in “Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research”

In this study, researchers found that specific IL18 genetic variants may be linked to increased susceptibility to alopecia areata in a Korean population.