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OCT4 helps granulosa cell growth in early-stage follicles, and FSH increases OCT4 through specific pathways.

Understanding genes and hormones is crucial for managing male puberty and sex development disorders.

Changes in gut bacteria can contribute to the development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), affecting metabolism, immunity, and causing inflammation. Treatments may involve adjusting these factors.

Subcutaneous contraceptives can cause side effects like menstrual changes, headaches, weight gain, and pain at the implant site.

Myo-inositol supplements may improve insulin sensitivity and help with conditions like PCOS and gestational diabetes, but more research is needed.

Testosterone therapy can help improve mood, sexual function, and bone health in women with low androgen levels, but more research is needed to establish safe and effective guidelines.

COVID-19 may harm male fertility and damage the reproductive system.

Lifestyle changes and weight loss are key for treating PCOS-related metabolic issues and infertility, with various medications available for specific symptoms.

Blocking 5α-reductase can harm memory and brain structure, and increase harmful brain changes in male mice used for Alzheimer's disease research.

Cell transplantation faces challenges in genitourinary reconstruction, but alternative tissue sources and microencapsulation show promise.

Testosterone replacement can help women with low libido and mood, but they need to have enough estrogen first to avoid side effects.

Hormonal male contraception is effective and could be market-ready, but more research is needed to ensure safety for all ethnic groups.

Myo-inositol plus α-lactalbumin works better than myo-inositol alone for improving symptoms of PCOS.

GnRH analogue can help diagnose ovarian causes of high testosterone in postmenopausal women when scans don't show the cause.

Goserelin and oestradiol treatment slightly improved hairiness but did not significantly change sebum production or hair characteristics in mildly hirsute women.

Cheap treatments for excessive hair growth in women can improve symptoms by 35-40% after one year.

Finasteride may decrease semen quality but not harm sperm production, and stopping the drug can improve semen quality; hyperprolactinemia can cause infertility but is treatable with medication.

New treatments for excessive hair growth in women, including advanced drugs and nanotechnology, show promise for better results.

A girl with Denys-Drash syndrome was misdiagnosed due to biotin affecting her hormone test results.

Both treatments reduced excessive hair growth in PCOS, but there was no difference in weight, hair score, hormone levels, or insulin resistance.

Gonadal dysgenesis, like Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes, negatively affects bone health, but hormone treatments can help.

Men with liver cancer have higher levels of a specific testosterone byproduct in their liver and blood, despite overall lower male hormone levels.

Finasteride reduces hair loss and treats BPH without major hormone changes, but may cause sexual dysfunction.

The study concluded that a higher waist-hip ratio significantly increases the risk of metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS.

High levels of cortisol in hair show long-term stress which can lower fertility in animals.

The guidelines recommend informed consent for gender-affirming treatments and stress the importance of personalized, culturally sensitive care for transgender individuals.

Mouflon rams mature gradually with changes in body, horns, and hormones linked to age and seasons, reaching full sexual maturity well after puberty.

A 24-month-old Nigerian girl developed early puberty with no family history, needing treatment her family couldn't afford.

The document says that hirsutism in women usually needs hair removal and hormone treatment to manage symptoms and improve well-being.

PCOS is often linked with menstrual issues, hormonal imbalances, and a higher risk of heart disease and diabetes.