The Implication of Mechanistic Approaches and the Role of the Microbiome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Review

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition affecting women's reproductive health, with symptoms such as hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, irregular menstruation, and infertility. The review suggests that alterations in the gut microbiome play a significant role in the development of PCOS, affecting metabolic and immunological function, and causing inflammation. PCOS patients show changes in gut microbiota, with a higher prevalence of certain bacterial species and lower levels of beneficial bacteria. These changes can lead to systemic low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, and affect sex hormone changes. The review also highlights the role of metabolites such as bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), ceramides, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the development of PCOS. Potential treatments for PCOS may include modulating these factors, such as administering exogenous IL-22 and altering the gut microbiome. However, more research is needed to fully understand these mechanisms and their implications for treatment.