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The 2003 consensus updated PCOS diagnosis criteria and linked PCOS to higher risks of diabetes and heart problems, recommending lifestyle changes to lower these risks.

Alopecia areata involves immune activation in the scalp, suggesting treatments targeting TH1, TH2, and IL-23 pathways.

Targeting the IL-23/IL-17 pathway effectively treats several inflammatory skin diseases.

Women with PCOS may take longer to get pregnant but can have a normal family size, and should manage their overall health to reduce long-term health risks.

Blocking IL-12/IL-23p40 helped reverse severe hair loss in patients.

A second domain of high sulfur KAP genes on chromosome 21q23 is crucial for hair structure.

Flutamide reduces hair growth better but has more side effects.

The study concluded that testing hormone levels after stimulation is not reliable for identifying carriers of 21-hydroxylase deficiency; genetic testing is necessary.

The IRS-2 Asp/Asp genotype may increase the risk of PCOS in Chinese women, especially if they are not obese.

COX-2 levels change during the hair cycle and affect skin and hair growth.

Women with nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency can have successful pregnancies through IVF, with certain factors affecting their chances.

New treatments for skin diseases are more effective and patient-friendly, but many still lack a cure.

Male hormones affect COVID-19 severity and certain drugs targeting these hormones could help reduce the risk.

5% minoxidil foam once daily works as well as 2% minoxidil solution twice daily for female hair growth and is more convenient.

COVID-19 might affect male fertility, but more research is needed to understand the full impact.

Ca_v1.2 affects hair growth and could be a target for hair loss treatments.

Dihydrotestosterone treatment can help penis growth in boys with 5α-reductase deficiency but doesn't fully normalize size after puberty.

ERβ has potential in treating prostate cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, but human studies are needed before clinical use.

Finasteride may cause kidney damage.

Metformin improved insulin resistance and BMI in overweight Taiwanese women with PCOS, and a 2-hour insulin test may be a good screening tool.

Higher levels of the DP2 receptor may lead to hair loss.

The PTGER2 gene is highly active in Cashmere goat skin and its activity changes with the hair growth cycle.

2-deoxy-D-ribose gel may help regrow hair in cases of hair loss.

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone treatments can help with penile growth in males with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, with dihydrotestosterone being more effective in infancy.

CP-690,550 significantly reduced itching in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.

A49T gene variant linked to higher prostate cancer risk, lower hormone levels, and slightly reduced balding risk.

The conclusion is that high-potency steroids or tacrolimus are effective treatments for erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp.

Low and ultralow doses of flutamide can cause liver damage in young women with high androgen levels, regardless of dose or birth control use, with higher risk for those with higher BMI and liver enzyme levels before treatment.

Mesenchymal stromal cells may help treat severe COVID-19, but more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness.

The document suggests that blocking sweat glands with antiperspirants might allow skin-generated hormones to be absorbed, possibly increasing breast and prostate cancer risk.