Protective Role of Melatonin and Its Metabolites in Skin Aging

The review "Protective Role of Melatonin and Its Metabolites in Skin Aging" discusses the potential of melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland, as an anti-aging agent for the skin. Melatonin has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor properties, and it also regulates circadian rhythms, which are crucial for skin health. Aging is linked to a decline in mitochondrial function, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in antioxidant defense. Melatonin can limit age-related oxidative stress by scavenging ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and by activating antioxidant enzymes. It also maintains optimal mitochondrial function. Melatonin and its metabolites regulate many skin functions, including pigmentary, adnexal, barrier, and immune functions. They also protect the skin against external and internal insults and have an oncostatic potential in melanoma cells. Topical application of melatonin has been shown to prevent DNA damage and apoptosis in skin, reduce inflammation, and attenuate UVR-induced alterations. It also has the potential to protect against premature skin aging caused by pollutants and heavy metals. Topical melatonin can also be used for the treatment of androgenic alopecia in women.