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This case study reported a postmenopausal woman with a testosterone-secreting ovarian tumor that was not detected through standard clinical or radiological examination but was found via biopsy.

This study suggests that metformin might serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic option to distinguish insulin resistance-related ovarian testosterone excess from a testosterone-secreting tumor in women with virilization.

This case study details a 57-year-old woman with symptoms of androgen excess, including rapid hair growth and temporal balding, alongside abnormal testosterone levels and a history of chronic renal failure.

This case report describes the first known instance of a testosterone-secreting steroid cell ovarian tumor causing pulmonary embolism and erythrocytosis in a postmenopausal woman, highlighting its potential role as a rare cause of hypercoagulable state.

This case study reports that hormonal imbalances in a young boy with precocious pseudopuberty returned to normal after the removal of a testicular interstitial cell tumor, with normal spontaneous puberty following.

This case study describes a testosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma in a 55-year-old woman, highlighting the presence of Reinke's crystalloids, suggesting that Leydig cells may play a role in such tumors.

This case report describes an 80-year-old woman with severe androgenic alopecia linked to Leydig cell hyperplasia in an ovarian cyst, highlighting the need to investigate androgen-secreting tumors in similar cases.

This case series highlights that diagnosing ovarian Leydig cell tumors can be challenging, and expert sonography is crucial for accurate identification, as imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and PET-CT may fail to detect them.

This case report suggests that ovarian steroid cell tumors should be considered in postmenopausal women with hirsutism and elevated testosterone, with surgery being effective in resolving symptoms and preventing recurrence.

This case study reports a rare instance of a virilizing androgen-only secreting adrenal cortical adenoma in a 13-year-old, with symptom resolution after surgical removal.

This case report highlights the diagnostic challenge of identifying androgen-secreting ovarian Leydig cell tumors in postmenopausal women when imaging fails to reveal masses, emphasizing the usefulness of ovarian vein sampling for localization.

This case report suggests that PCOS can present with virilization and rapidly increasing testosterone levels, and highlights oral contraceptives' effectiveness in managing hyperandrogenism in such cases.

This case report describes a 69-year-old woman with hirsutism and elevated serum testosterone, where surgery resolved symptoms and serum testosterone, suggesting ovarian steroid cell tumor consideration in similar profiles.

This study found that surgical normalization of testosterone in hyperandrogenic women with ovarian androgen-secreting tumors did not significantly change body weight or insulin sensitivity after 12 months.

This case study found that a 1.6cm ovarian Leydig cell tumor, causing hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman, evaded detection on standard imaging techniques, underscoring the difficulty of diagnosing such tumors with imaging alone.

This case report describes a testosterone- and cortisol-secreting adrenocortical oncocytoma causing hirsutism in a 23-year-old woman, highlighting adrenal oncocytomas as an important consideration for differential diagnosis.

This case report describes a 60-year-old woman with an ovarian Leydig cell tumor leading to elevated testosterone levels and hirsutism, highlighting the need to consider androgen-secreting tumors in similar postmenopausal cases.

This case report describes a 72-year-old woman with a steroid cell tumor of the ovary, highlighting the critical role of imaging, biochemical evaluation, and pathology in diagnosing and managing hormonally active ovarian tumors that cause virilization in postmenopausal women.

Surgery successfully treated a hidden ovarian tumor causing hair loss and excess hair growth in a postmenopausal woman.

This case study reported that a 51-year-old woman with hirsutism and voice thickening had a Leydig cell tumor detected by PET-CT, which normalized hormone levels and resolved symptoms after surgical removal.

This case report highlights the need to assess postmenopausal women with hirsutism for hyperandrogenism causes, as exemplified by a Leydig cell tumor coinciding with primary hyperparathyroidism.

In this case report, the researchers described a postmenopausal woman with androgenic symptoms who was found to have a benign Leydig cell tumor of the left ovary, indicated by elevated testosterone levels and MRI findings, which was successfully treated with surgery.

This case report describes a 65-year-old postmenopausal woman with hyperandrogenism caused by a non-malignant ovarian Leydig cell tumor, which is a rare cause of virilization.

This case report details a post-menopausal woman with hirsutism and virilization due to rare Leydig cell tumors in both ovaries, underscoring the challenge of detecting such tumors with standard imaging.

This study describes the case of a Filipino woman with virilisation, where a rare ovarian Leydig cell tumour was identified and removed, normalizing her testosterone levels.

This case report describes a young woman with an adrenal oncocytic tumor of uncertain malignant potential, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance due to possible malignancy.

This case study identified a probable pure testosterone-secreting ovarian tumor in a woman with increased facial hair and elevated testosterone levels, confirmed by histological examination as Leydig cells hyperplasia, which normalized testosterone and symptoms post-surgery.

This review describes two cases of young women with primary amenorrhea and hyperandrogenemia, suggesting that adrenal tumors should be considered in patients with significantly elevated circulating testosterone levels.

This paper discusses four rare causes of hyperandrogenism in women, emphasizing the importance of detailed biochemical testing and invasive diagnostic tools when imaging fails to identify ovarian tumors.