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Glossary Antibodies

specialized proteins that identify and neutralize foreign substances

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are specialized proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign substances like bacteria, viruses, and toxins. They work by specifically binding to antigens on the surface of these invaders, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

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research Immunological characteristics and histological distribution of human hair fibrous proteins studied with anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibodies HKN-2, HKN-4, and HKN-6.

52 citations , February 1986 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry”

This study found that monoclonal antibodies can identify specific immunological characteristics of hair fibrous proteins, with some antibodies reacting only with hair proteins and others showing broader activity with skin and epithelial cells.

research Catalytic Antibodies in Norm and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

25 citations , May 2017 in “InTech eBooks”

This review details the diverse catalytic activities of abzymes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and reports no new experimental findings; it discusses the impact of these abzymes on disease pathogenesis.

research Thyroid antibodies in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients are positively associated with inflammation and multiple symptoms

23 citations , November 2024 in “Scientific Reports”

In this study, researchers found that Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients, despite being in euthyroid status, experienced more severe extrathyroidal symptoms compared to healthy controls, and elevated thyroid antibodies were linked to lower health-related quality of life and increased inflammation.

research Amicrobial pustulosis with antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor

15 citations , January 2006 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This case study reports that the topical application of mometasone furoate ointment successfully reduced eruptions and promoted hair regrowth in a patient with amicrobial pustulosis.

research Thyroid peroxidase antibodies in patients with telogen effluvium

12 citations , February 2010 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Some people with chronic hair loss may have thyroid autoimmunity.

research Generation of Pax1/PAX1-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies

10 citations , October 2016 in “Monoclonal antibodies in immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy”

This study developed rat monoclonal antibodies that specifically detect Pax1/PAX1 protein, which could improve diagnostic protocols for conditions involving deregulated Pax1/PAX1 expression.

research Anti-keratin Monoclonal Antibodies for Identifying Animal Hair Fibers

8 citations , May 2004 in “Textile Research Journal”

This study reports promising preliminary results for using monoclonal antibodies to identify cashmere fibers, highlighting observed immunological differences from wool keratins.

research Antinuclear and Antithyroid Antibodies in 68 Japanese Patients with Alopecia areata

6 citations , January 1999 in “Dermatology”

Alopecia areata is linked to autoimmune antibodies.

A Case Report of Male Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Antinuclear Antibodies-Negative: A Challenging Diagnosis

research A Case Report of Male Systemic Lupus Erythematous with Antinuclear Antibodies-Negative: A Challenging Diagnosis

3 citations , March 2022 in “Korean Journal of Family Medicine”

This case report highlights the challenge of diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus in males and antinuclear antibody-negative patients, emphasizing the need for primary care doctors to maintain a high suspicion of the condition.

research A retrospective clinical and laboratory analysis including vitamin D and antinuclear antibodies in central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia and nonscarring alopecia in African Americans

2 citations , September 2024 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

CCCA in African Americans may be linked to hair grooming, low vitamin D, and autoimmune factors.

Assessment of Serum Levels of Antigliadin Antibodies (IgG and IgA) in Patients with Alopecia Areata and Their Relation to Severity of the Disease

research ASSESSMENT OF SERUM LEVELS OF ANTIGLIADIN ANTIBODIES (IgG and IgA) IN PATIENTS WITH ALOPECIA AREATA AND THEIR RELATION TO SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE

1 citations , July 2023 in “Al-Azhar Medical Journal”

This study observed a significant association between antigliadin antibodies (IgA and IgG) and alopecia areata severity, suggesting that serological tests could help diagnose subclinical celiac disease in these patients, with IgA and IgG showing 100% sensitivity and specificity at specific cutoff points.

research Application of Ostrich Antibodies to the Restoration of Hair Growth, a Preliminary and Case Report

1 citations , January 2018 in “Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications”

This study found that ostrich antibodies targeting dihydrotestosterone and 5α-reductase, when combined with antibodies against harmful skin bacteria, may effectively promote hair regrowth in androgenetic alopecia cases.

research Four murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the inner root sheath in the human hair follicle

1 citations , January 1989

This study produced and characterized four new monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize differentiation antigens in human hair follicle and epidermal structures.

research The Possible Role of Antibodies in Alopecia: A Narrative Review

April 2026 in “Antibodies”

This review discusses the uncertain role of immune factors, particularly autoantibodies, in the development of alopecia areata and emphasizes that identifying key autoantigens could lead to targeted immunotherapies.

research Identification of tpo, tg, tshr and ana antibodies associated with thyroid disorders

November 2024 in “Malaysian Journal of Microbiology”

In this study, researchers found varying levels of multiple autoantibody types among thyroid disorder patients, with 84.84% of those with immunological hypothyroidism reporting symptoms like weight gain and lethargy, whereas 81.81% of those with immune hyperthyroidism experienced hair loss.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Efficacy in Alopecia Areata Patients With Normal and Elevated Levels of Antibodies Against Thyroglobulin and Thyroid Peroxidase

research Platelet-rich plasma efficacy in alopecia areata patients with normal and elevated levels of antibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase

February 2024 in “Folia Medica”

In this study, PRP therapy showed effectiveness in treating mild to moderate alopecia areata in patients with normal antithyroid antibodies, while those with severe forms or elevated antibodies did not experience significant benefits.

research ASSESSMENT OF SERUM LEVELS OF ANTIGLIADIN ANTIBODIES (IGG AND IGA) IN PATIENTS WITH ALOPECIA AREATA AND THEIR RELATION TO SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE

January 2022 in “Al-Azhar Medical Journal”

This study found a significant association between antigliadin antibodies (IgA and IgG) and alopecia areata severity, suggesting a need for celiac disease screening in these patients.

research The Efficacy of Ostrich Antibodies to Dihydrotestosterone and 5α-Reductase in the Restoration of Hair Growth

January 2019 in “Health”

This study found that applying ostrich antibodies against DHT and 5α-reductase generally promoted hair growth in 16 of 17 participants with androgenetic alopecia after about three months of treatment.

research [Immunohistochemical study on the keratin expression in generating rat hair tissues using anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibodies].

July 1990 in “PubMed”

This study found that hair germ and epidermal basal cells differ in keratin expressions in rat hair tissues, with hair-specific keratins appearing after the differentiation of each layer.

Anti-TNF Antibody-Induced Psoriasiform Skin Lesions in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Are Characterised by Interferon-γ-Expressing Th1 Cells and IL-17A/IL-22-Expressing Th17 Cells and Respond to Anti-IL-12/IL-23 Antibody Treatment

research Anti-TNF antibody-induced psoriasiform skin lesions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are characterised by interferon-γ-expressing Th1 cells and IL-17A/IL-22-expressing Th17 cells and respond to anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibody treatment

278 citations , March 2013 in “Gut”

In this study, nearly 5% of anti-TNF-treated patients with IBD developed psoriasiform skin lesions, with smoking identified as a main risk factor, and ustekinumab proved highly effective in severe cases.

research Anti-aging Properties of Conditioned Media of Epidermal Progenitor Cells Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells

26 citations , March 2018 in “Dermatology and Therapy”

This study found that conditioned media from epidermal progenitor cells improved skin aging signs in a clinical trial and protected fibroblasts from oxidative stress in vitro.

Treatment of Alopecia Areata with Anti-Interferon-Gamma Antibodies

research Treatment of Alopecia Areata with Anti-Interferon-γ Antibodies

16 citations , November 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

This study found that intramuscular anti-IFN-γ significantly stabilized and promoted hair regrowth in alopecia areata patients with patchy, progressive hair loss, whereas those with total baldness showed more limited improvement.

research Single-Administration Long-Acting Microarray Patch with Ultrahigh Loading Capacity and Multiple Releases of Thermally Stable Antibodies

12 citations , April 2023 in “Molecular Pharmaceutics”

This study demonstrated that a microarray patch can deliver antibodies in a controlled and prolonged manner, maintaining their functionality after manufacturing and heat exposure, with successful pharmacokinetic proof-of-concept in rats.

research Anticytokine therapy, particularly anti-IFN-γ, in Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases

9 citations , May 2005 in “Expert Review of Clinical Immunology”

This article examines anticytokine therapies for autoimmune diseases, highlighting the potential of anti-interferon-γ as a universal treatment for certain conditions and noting varying effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors.

research [An immunohistochemical study on cell differentiation in the outer root sheath of the normal human anagen hair follicles with antikeratin monoclonal antibodies].

6 citations , December 1990 in “PubMed”

This study examined the expression patterns of various cytokeratins in the outer root sheath of human anagen hair follicles, noting distinct differentiation patterns and localization of keratin markers.

research Prevalence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies among women with polycystic ovary syndrome

2 citations , September 2025 in “Scientific Reports”

This study found that women with polycystic ovary syndrome have a higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease compared to those without the condition, highlighting the importance of screening for thyroid issues in this population.

research The use of avian yolk antibodies in biomedical research

1 citations , September 2023 in “Laboratornye Zhivotnye dlya nauchnych issledovanii (Laboratory Animals for Science)”

This review highlights the emerging IgY-technology, based on extracting antibodies from bird egg yolks for passive immunization, noting its commercialization potential for treating diseases like dental caries and celiac disease, and pointing out its underappreciation in Russia.

Local Injection With Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Antibodies Protects Against Development of Herpes Simplex Virus-Induced Sweating Disturbance

research 1389 Local injection with anti-herpes simplex virus antibodies protects against development of herpes simplex virus–induced sweating disturbance

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that local injection of anti-HSV sera in mice provided long-term protection against zoster-like skin lesions and sweating disturbances following an HSV-1 challenge.

Medications Affecting the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1/Growth Hormone Axis, Including Teprotumumab, Somatostatin Analogs, and Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies, Are Associated With Elevated Reporting Odds of Alopecia in Women: A Pharmacovigilance Study

research Medications affecting the insulin-like growth factor 1/growth hormone axis, including teprotumumab, somatostatin analogs, and anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies, are associated with elevated reporting odds of alopecia in women: A pharmacovigilance study

April 2023 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This study investigated the association between hair loss and medications affecting the GH/IGF-1 pathway, using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System to analyze reporting odds ratios of alopecia.

research The Utilization of Sex Hormone Antibodies for Screening and Separation of Trace Biological Mixtures

January 2020 in “VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University)”

This study established a protocol using anti-steroid antibodies to differentially label epidermal cell contributors, suggesting potential applications in simplifying complex trace DNA mixtures before profiling.