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GlossaryHLA-DR

protein on immune cells presenting antigens to trigger responses

HLA-DR is a part of the human immune system, specifically a protein found on the surface of certain cells that helps the body distinguish between its own cells and foreign invaders. It plays a crucial role in the immune response by presenting pieces of proteins (antigens) to immune cells, which can then trigger an immune reaction. This protein is also involved in autoimmune conditions, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

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research Epigallocatechin-3 Gallate Inhibits STAT-1/JAK2/IRF-1/HLA-DR/HLA-B and Reduces CD8 MKG2D Lymphocytes of Alopecia Areata Patients

15 citations , December 2018 in “International journal of environmental research and public health/International journal of environmental research and public health”

EGCG may help treat alopecia areata by blocking certain immune responses and reducing specific harmful immune cells.

research EXPRESSION OF HLA-DR IN HAIR FOLLICLES IN ALOPECIA AREATA

32 citations , August 1984 in “Lancet”

research Identification of drug-specific public TCR driving severe cutaneous adverse reactions

88 citations , August 2019 in “Nature communications”

Researchers found a specific immune receptor in patients that causes severe skin reactions to a drug.

Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen ( HLA ) in 13 cases of familial frontal fibrosing alopecia: CYP 21A2 gene p.V281L mutation from congenital adrenal hyperplasia linked to HLA class I haplotype HLA ‐ A*33:01 ; B*14:02; C*08:02 as a genetic marker

research Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen ( HLA ) in 13 cases of familial frontal fibrosing alopecia: CYP 21A2 gene p.V281L mutation from congenital adrenal hyperplasia linked to HLA class I haplotype HLA ‐ A33:01 ; B14:02; C*08:02 as a genetic marker

7 citations , January 2019 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

A genetic marker linked to a type of hair loss was found in most patients studied.

research THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALOPECIA AREATA

89 citations , October 1996 in “Dermatologic Clinics”

Alopecia areata is likely caused by a combination of genetic factors and immune system dysfunction, and may represent different diseases with various causes.

research The spectrum of hair loss in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome

39 citations , January 2011 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Some patients with mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome experience hair loss, which may be similar to alopecia areata or linked to skin lesions, possibly due to abnormal T cells, and bexarotene can help treat it.

Alopecia areata patients show deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T regulatory cells and clonotypic restriction of Treg TCRβ-chain, which highlights the immunopathological aspect of the disease

research Alopecia areata patients show deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T regulatory cells and clonotypic restriction of Treg TCRβ-chain, which highlights the immunopathological aspect of the disease

30 citations , July 2019 in “PloS one”

Patients with Alopecia areata have fewer specific immune cells that normally regulate the immune system, which may contribute to the condition.

research Pemphigus vulgaris in only one of two monozygotic twins

20 citations , March 1985 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Genetic factors alone might not cause pemphigus vulgaris; other factors like birth complications and puberty may trigger it.

Exacerbation of alopecia areata during pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin therapy, possibly due to the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege

research Exacerbation of alopecia areata during pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin therapy, possibly due to the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege

10 citations , September 2014 in “European Journal of Dermatology”

A woman's hair loss worsened after starting hepatitis C treatment due to immune changes in her hair follicles.

research Clinical and Genetic Aspects of Alopecia Areata: A Cutting Edge Review

1 citations , June 2023 in “Genes”

Hair loss from Alopecia Areata is caused by both genes and environment, with several treatments available but challenges in cost and relapse remain.

research Alterations in epidermal stem cells within the pilosebaceous unit in atrophic acne scars

February 2024 in “Australasian journal of dermatology”

Inflammatory acne damages skin stem cells and reduces their growth, leading to atrophic acne scars.

research Genetic Basis of Alopecia Areata

40 citations , January 2013 in “Dermatologic clinics”

More research is needed to understand the genetic causes of Alopecia areata to develop better treatments.

research Alopecia Areata

24 citations , January 2008 in “KARGER eBooks”

The document concludes that ongoing research using animal models is crucial for better understanding and treating Alopecia Areata.

research Frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planopilaris in HLA-identical mother and daughter

12 citations , January 2015 in “Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology”

A mother and daughter with similar hair loss conditions and identical HLA types suggest a genetic link between the conditions.

research Detection of lentiviral constructs for release testing of CAR- T cells using digital droplet PCR

1 citations , May 2019 in “Cytotherapy”

The new ddPCR method reliably detects unwanted viruses in CAR-T cell products, ensuring their safety for patients.

research Topical use of systemic drugs in dermatology: A comprehensive review

19 citations , November 2011

Using systemic drugs as creams for skin conditions shows promise, but more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness and safety.

Adrenal 21-hydroxylase gene mutations in Slovenian hyperandrogenic women: evaluation of corticotrophin stimulation and HLA polymorphisms in screening for carrier status

research Adrenal 21-hydroxylase gene mutations in Slovenian hyperandrogenic women: evaluation of corticotrophin stimulation and HLA polymorphisms in screening for carrier status

19 citations , August 1999 in “European journal of endocrinology”

The study concluded that testing hormone levels after stimulation is not reliable for identifying carriers of 21-hydroxylase deficiency; genetic testing is necessary.

research Adverse Dermatologic Effects of Cardiovascular Drug Therapy: Part III

15 citations , November 2002 in “Cardiology in Review”

Cardiovascular drugs can cause various skin problems, so recognizing these reactions is important.

research Drug eruptions in dermatology

11 citations , June 2011 in “Expert Review of Dermatology”

Skin reactions to drugs are common and can be deadly, usually requiring stopping the drug and may be better prevented with genetic testing in the future.

Genotyping of the rs1800440 Polymorphism in CYP1B1 Gene and the rs9258883 Polymorphism in HLA-B Gene in a Spanish Cohort of 223 Patients with Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia

research Genotyping of the rs1800440 Polymorphism in CYP1B1 Gene and the rs9258883 Polymorphism in HLA-B Gene in a Spanish Cohort of 223 Patients with Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia

1 citations , September 2023 in “Acta dermato-venereologica”

Certain genetic variants are linked to frontal fibrosing alopecia in Spanish patients.

research Festschrift in honor of the 65th birthday of Dr. Howard I. Maibach

September 1995 in “American Journal of Contact Dermatitis”

Antiyeast treatments work better for seborrheic dermatitis than steroids, and other findings include increased skin bacteria under plastic wrap, a nasal cell defect in Staphylococcus aureus carriers, quick resolution of certain skin reactions, high rubber latex allergy in spina bifida patients, and glyceryl monopentadecanoate's effectiveness for male hair loss.

research Cytostatics and immunosuppressive drugs

January 1989 in “Side effects of drugs annual”

Some cancer and immune system drugs can cause serious side effects, including heart, lung, nerve, and organ damage, which need careful monitoring and management.

research Exploring the Drug Repurposing Versatility of Valproic Acid as a Multifunctional Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells

47 citations , March 2019 in “Journal of immunology research”

Valproic Acid could potentially be used to treat immune-related conditions due to its ability to modify immune cell functions.

research Six-year Retrospective Review of Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms

39 citations , January 2012 in “Acta dermato-venereologica”

Early detection and stopping the drug are key to managing DRESS, and careful monitoring is important due to possible severe reactions.

research Linking allergy to mercury to HLA and burning mouth syndrome

6 citations , August 2007 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Mercury allergy linked to specific genes may contribute to burning mouth syndrome, and silicon might play a role in maintaining healthy hair.

research Compilation of a comprehensive gene panel for systematic assessment of genes that govern an individual’s drug responses

13 citations , October 2010 in “Pharmacogenomics”

Researchers found that most genes affecting drug responses are not fully covered by commercial SNP chips, suggesting the need for more comprehensive tools to optimize drug selection based on genetics.

research The antiandrogen enzalutamide downregulates TMPRSS2 and reduces cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells

50 citations , July 2021 in “Nature Communications”

The drug enzalutamide may reduce the ability of the virus causing COVID-19 to enter lung cells.

Lichen planus and other cutaneous manifestations in chronic hepatitis C: pre- and post-interferon-based treatment prevalence vary in a cohort of patients from low hepatitis C virus endemic area

research Lichen planus and other cutaneous manifestations in chronic hepatitis C: pre- and post-interferon-based treatment prevalence vary in a cohort of patients from low hepatitis C virus endemic area

34 citations , May 2008 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Skin problems like itching, dry skin, and hair loss are more common in hepatitis C patients after interferon treatment, but lichen planus is not linked to the infection.

research Cell Surface B2m-Free Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Monomers and Dimers: Are They Neo-HLA Class and Proto-HLA?

3 citations , July 2023 in “Biomolecules”

B2m-free HLA variants may be a new class of HLA important in immune responses and diseases.

research Cepharanthine: An update of its mode of action, pharmacological properties and medical applications

125 citations , September 2019 in “Phytomedicine”

Cepharanthine is a well-tolerated drug with multiple medical uses, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.