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Lymphocytes, especially CD8+ T cells, play a key role in causing alopecia areata, and targeting them may lead to new treatments.

A substance called miR-1246 may help treat severe hair loss by reducing certain immune cell activities.

Both vitiligo and alopecia areata involve an immune response triggered by stress and specific genes, with treatments targeting this pathway showing potential.

Men generally have more severe COVID-19 cases and higher death rates than women due to biological differences.

The conclusion is that Treg-targeted therapies have potential, but more knowledge of Treg biology is needed for effective treatments, including for cancer.

The combination of oral PUVA and corticosteroids helps regrow hair in severe alopecia areata.

Alopecia areata and vitiligo share immune system dysfunction but differ in specific immune responses and affected areas.

A mutation in the IKZF1 gene causes immune system overactivity, linked to autoimmune diseases like lupus.

Mesenchymal stromal cells may help treat severe COVID-19, but more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness.

The document concludes that for hair and feather growth, it's better to target the environment around stem cells than the cells themselves.

People with vitiligo may have a higher rate of Helicobacter pylori infection, but the infection's severity doesn't affect how severe the vitiligo is.

The document concludes that immune system abnormalities cause alopecia areata, but the exact process is still not completely understood.

The new skin-targeted COVID-19 vaccine creates strong immune responses and could improve vaccination methods.

IL-15 helps protect hair follicles from immune attacks and encourages hair growth.

The skin's internal clock affects healing, cancer risk, aging, immunity, and hair growth, and disruptions can harm skin health.

The document concludes that pregnancy and cancer share immune evasion tactics, but more research is needed before using checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in pregnant cancer patients to avoid harm to the placenta.

Vitiligo causes white skin patches and can lead to psychological stress.

New therapies are being developed that target integrin pathways to treat various diseases.

Exosome treatment for hair growth is promising but not FDA-approved and needs more research on safety and how it works.

Ulcerative colitis can cause skin issues due to immune system problems.

Stopping minoxidil caused significant hair loss, but regrowth occurred after resuming use.

PDE inhibitors, especially PDE4 inhibitors like apremilast, are effective for certain inflammatory skin conditions but have side effects and can be costly.

Hormones and metabolism play a complex role in prostate enlargement, and more research is needed to improve diagnosis and treatment.

308-nm excimer light therapy helped over a third of treatment-resistant alopecia universalis patients regrow most of their hair.

The exam tested knowledge on various skin-related topics for CME credit.

Some drugs can cause rare but potentially deadly skin reactions, and early treatment and avoiding the drug again are key.

Use "female pattern hair loss" term, assess androgen excess, treat with minoxidil and other medications if needed.

A girl with symptoms like an autoimmune disorder actually had HIV and a fungal infection, which was hard to diagnose and treat, leading to her death.

Vitiligo is often found with other autoimmune diseases, which is important to know to help patients.

The L412F variant of TLR3 is linked to skin infections, more viral infections, and autoimmune issues.