Hormonal Treatment Strategies Tailored to Non-Binary Transgender Individuals

This study highlights the importance of clinicians understanding the effects of gender-affirming hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and antiandrogens on hair growth, to effectively diagnose and treat androgenetic alopecia in gender minority patients.

This review article provides an updated overview of the pharmacology, mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, and adverse events associated with topical minoxidil, a widely used treatment for androgenetic alopecia and other hair loss conditions, while noting that its exact mechanism is still not fully understood.

This review discusses the effects of hormonal treatments on the physical and mental health of transgender individuals, reporting significant reductions in mental health issues following treatment, but calls for more research on long-term and nonbinary outcomes.

This study found that oral estradiol was generally effective in achieving target 17-β estradiol levels in transgender women, but often failed to suppress testosterone adequately, with variability in individual responses.

This study assessed the use of oral finasteride in transgender men with androgenetic alopecia and found that all patients improved by one grade on the Norwood–Hamilton scale within about 5.5 months, with no significant adverse effects reported during the 16.2 months of follow-up.

This study found no evidence of androgen deficiency or decreased peripheral androgen action in men with persistent sexual symptoms after finasteride use, but identified links to depressed mood and abnormal brain function.

This letter provides no study results about minoxidil 3% lotion for beard enhancement but instead shares author and affiliation details for the published research.

In this case report, a transgender woman experienced scalp hair regrowth after approximately six months of oral estradiol and spironolactone treatment, achieving testosterone levels within the normal female range.

This review discusses the potential persistent adverse effects associated with 5α reductase inhibitor treatment for androgenetic alopecia but provides no new clinical results; it emphasizes the importance of discussing these risks with patients.

This study concluded that current cross-sex hormone treatments for trans men and trans women are effective with a low risk of side effects in the short term, though they did observe specific clinical changes.

This publication reviews the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care for supporting transgender and gender nonconforming people, with adjustments needed for diverse global contexts and no new clinical results.

This study found that high doses of cyproterone acetate were associated with an increased risk of meningioma, especially with exposure longer than one year.

This study concluded that flutamide alone is more effective than finasteride for reducing hirsutism in women, and the combination of both drugs is not superior to flutamide alone.

This article reviews the potential clinical use of anabolic steroids in treating muscle loss from chronic diseases and aging and highlights both the benefits and risks of these substances in sports.

This study found that human hair follicles express ATP-sensitive potassium channels, suggesting that minoxidil acts on these channels and that drugs targeting them may treat hair disorders.

This review discusses hirsutism management guidelines, recommending androgen testing only for women with abnormal hirsutism scores and advocating for combined therapy approaches depending on severity and underlying conditions, but it reports no new clinical results.

This study found that adding topical eflornithine to laser hair removal significantly improved the reduction of unwanted facial hair in women over a 6-month period, compared to laser treatment alone.

This review discusses the roles of androgens and estrogens in skin functions and disorders, and highlights the use of estrogen-progestin treatments and anti-androgens in managing hirsutism and acne, without reporting new results.

This article reviews the mechanisms by which minoxidil stimulates hair growth and reports no new clinical findings.