245 citations
,
October 2015 in “Nature medicine” The research found that hair follicle–derived cytokines, particularly IL-15 and IL-7, regulate skin-resident memory T cells and their role in both immune homeostasis and lymphoma in the skin.
140 citations
,
March 2013 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology” This study found that IL-7 is crucial for the survival of memory regulatory T cells in the skin of mice, whereas IL-2 is essential for their initial generation but not for their maintenance.
8 citations
,
October 2016 in “Experimental dermatology” This paper proposes that the induction of HF-specific neo-antigens by peripheral CD8+ T cells may maintain self-tolerance but could also lead to immunopathology in conditions like alopecia areata.
15 citations
,
September 2018 in “Applied Biological Chemistry” This review discusses the development of Matrigel and its role in identifying thymosin beta 4 as a regenerative protein, without reporting new experimental findings.
June 2020 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” In this study, the authors observed that controlled microflora in gnotobionts leads to delayed maturation of T-dependent lymphocytes in the thymus, affecting cellular immunity reactions.
155 citations
,
December 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors are functionally expressed in various skin cells, implying potential physiological and pathological roles in skin, especially in conditions like autoimmune diseases.
2 citations
,
April 2013 in “PubMed” This review discusses non-motor symptoms in autoimmune myasthenia gravis and associated thymomas, highlighting abnormal T-cell clones as a contributing factor, but reports no new clinical results.
February 2026 in “ImmunoTargets and Therapy” This study found that tumor immunotherapy, while effective against solid tumors, can disrupt the immune balance in hair follicles, causing follicular toxicity and alopecia, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to manage these adverse effects.
This review explores the mechanisms and clinical applications of thymosin β4, highlighting its potential in various medical fields, but it presents no new research findings.
July 2026 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This review highlights the role of epidermal tissue-resident memory T (T RM) cells in human skin, showing their involvement in immune surveillance and regulation within the epidermis, and suggesting their importance in understanding skin diseases like HIV infection and vitiligo.
18 citations
,
May 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study observed significant differences in immune cell infiltration and gene expression across different skin sites, with the back displaying higher tolerance-promoting immune mechanisms, which may enhance epicutaneous immunotherapy outcomes.
2 citations
,
April 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” T cells affect skin cell genes in inflammatory diseases, and therapy can normalize these changes.
23 citations
,
July 2022 in “Nature Cell Biology” Targeting THY1 can improve skin repair and healing.
October 2022 in “The American journal of gastroenterology” This case report details a patient with myasthenia gravis and a malignant thymoma whose rising liver function tests, initially thought to be related to antibiotic use, were ultimately attributed to thymoma-associated multiorgan autoimmunity.
September 2025 in “Immunological Reviews” This review describes how the skin can form its own immune response through dermal tertiary lymphoid organs, which function independently of traditional lymph nodes, potentially offering new insights into skin health care and treatments.
2 citations
,
August 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” This study found that during wound healing, hair follicle stem cells develop an immune modulatory ability to create a protective immune suppressive niche, facilitating their survival and function amidst inflammation.
118 citations
,
December 2003 in “Mechanisms of Ageing and Development” Thymosin β4 helps heal wounds, grow hair, and improve blood vessel formation.
4 citations
,
January 2014 in “BioMed Research International” This special issue reviews advancements in engineering cell microenvironments for tissue engineering, highlighting various studies on interventions like silk fibroin and platelet-rich plasma, but presents no new empirical findings.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study demonstrates that human epidermal stem cells can adapt to environmental temperature changes through mTOR signaling, and prolonged inhibition of mTORC1 supports stem cell maintenance, which may be vital for regenerative medicine.
105 citations
,
February 2010 in “Endocrinology” This study found that normal human epidermis expresses TSH and may be an indirect target of TSH signaling, with expression regulated by endocrine controls of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.
7 citations
,
August 2022 in “Nature communications” This study found that Thy1+ keratinocytes in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis play a crucial role in epidermal homeostasis and wound repair, with their ablation impairing these processes.
49 citations
,
November 2012 in “Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry” This review discusses non-motor symptoms in patients with thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis, suggesting these symptoms, which can be treatable, often go overlooked despite affecting multiple organs.
37 citations
,
April 2013 in “PLoS ONE” In this study, the researchers found that thymosin beta-4 promotes odontoblastic differentiation in human dental pulp cells, suggesting it as a potential mechanism for regenerative endodontics.
6 citations
,
October 2024 in “International Journal of Dermatology” In this study, researchers conducted single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal that proinflammatory fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells play significant roles in the immune microenvironment of keloids, suggesting potential targets for new therapeutic approaches.
1 citations
,
June 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” In this study, researchers identified unique prenatal lymphocyte features in human fetal skin, including proliferative naive T cells and memory-like T cells, which may influence antigen and allergen responses in utero and infancy.
September 2016 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” This research suggests that hair follicle-derived cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 are crucial for maintaining resident memory T cells in the skin, which may be relevant for diseases like cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
15 citations
,
May 2023 in “npj Regenerative Medicine” This study found that mammary resident macrophages play a key role in mammary tissue development by influencing cell division and maintaining mammary stem cell activity through the TNF-α-Cdk1/Cyclin B1 signaling pathway, highlighting their importance in the mammary stem cell niche.
April 2017 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” This study found that B cells have dual roles in tumor immunity, with regulatory B cells potentially hindering immune responses against tumors in the melanoma mouse model.
September 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study found that mammary resident macrophages regulate mammary epithelium cell division and development, with implications for maintaining mammary stem cell activity and homeostasis.
May 2023 in “Surgical Case Reports” This case report describes a rare instance of thymoma associated with alopecia areata in a 60-year-old woman who had no signs of myasthenia gravis, highlighting the need for thoracic surgeons to consider alopecia in such cases due to its impact on quality of life.