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Some lesser-known causes of PCOS include autoimmune issues, genetic mutations, and changes in the body's microbiome.

Human skin acts like a hormone-producing organ, making and managing various hormones important for skin and hair health.

Sex steroids produced in the hippocampus are crucial for brain functions like memory and learning in rodents.

Vitamin D might help regulate insulin in the body, but taking Vitamin D supplements doesn't clearly prevent or improve type 2 diabetes. More research is needed.

Muscles can make their own androgens, which may help muscle growth.

Finasteride reduces opioid use and withdrawal symptoms in animals.

The testes produce sperm and hormones essential for male development.

Anabolic steroids boost muscle growth, SARMs increase muscle mass and bone density without side effects, and myostatin inhibitors block a protein that stops muscle growth, but each has potential risks.

Autism's genetics are linked with early age of puberty and less hair loss, but not with hormone levels or polycystic ovary syndrome.

Testosterone and its metabolites affect brain functions and could help treat neurological disorders.

Hair analysis can help diagnose adrenal disorders non-invasively.

DHEA affects multiple receptors and may help with metabolic issues, but its safety and effectiveness in humans are unclear.

Innate lymphoid cells help control skin bacteria by regulating sebaceous glands.

Hormonal interactions, especially involving DHT and estrogen, play a key role in BPH development and treatment.

The review suggests that while many AKR1C3 inhibitors show promise for treating certain cancers, more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness in humans.

PCOS management includes lifestyle changes and medications, with ongoing research into repurposed drugs for better treatment options.

Androgens are important for female fertility and could help in IVF treatment, but also play a role in causing PCOS.

Understanding how DHT works is important for diagnosing and treating hormone-related disorders.

New treatments are needed for PCOS that target its genetic, hormonal, and metabolic causes.

TGFβ signaling prevents sebaceous gland cells from producing fats.

Five preservatives may disrupt hormone function and need more health and environmental risk assessment.

Breathing in high levels of certain air pollutants significantly increases women's risk of developing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Acne can't be cured but can be managed with treatments like benzoyl peroxide and diet changes; it's costly and can lead to scarring and mental health issues.

Managing oxidative stress might help treat low testosterone and related chronic diseases in aging men.

Mice without certain skin enzymes have faster hair growth and bigger eye glands.

The document concludes that a systematic approach is crucial to identify causes of androgen excess in women beyond the most common cause, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

SOX9 is essential for the development of various organs and hair follicles.

The article suggests renaming Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) to "Hyperandrogenic Persistent Ovulatory Dysfunction Syndrome" (HA-PODS) for accuracy and consistency, but no final decision was made.

High levels of male hormones and irregular periods best predict how well PCOS patients will respond to metformin treatment.

Diet changes hormone levels in pregnant ewes by affecting metabolism, not placental synthesis.