12 citations
,
May 2016 in “British Journal of Dermatology” This report describes a rare case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in a child developing during therapy with squaric acid dibutyl ester for alopecia areata, suggesting a possible link between the medication and disease onset.
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study suggests that macrophages, especially CD206+ subsets, play a key role in hair growth induced by squaric acid dibutyl ester, a therapy used for alopecia areata.
42 citations
,
August 1987 in “Archives of Dermatology” In this study, 28.5% of patients with extensive alopecia areata had complete hair regrowth during treatment with squaric acid dibutylester, with outcomes linked to shorter alopecia duration and prompt dermatitis development.
21 citations
,
December 2014 in “Clinics in dermatology” This review discusses squaric acid dibutylester's use, effects, and safety in treating alopecia areata, but reports no new clinical results.
15 citations
,
March 2008 in “The Journal of Dermatology” In this case report, a patient with a history of discoid lupus erythematosus experienced an exacerbation of the condition after topical immunotherapy for alopecia areata, suggesting contact dermatitis as a potential trigger.
5 citations
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January 1995 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment” This study suggests that topical calcipotriol did not significantly enhance hair growth when combined with SADBE in patients with severe alopecia areata.
3 citations
,
January 2014 in “The Journal of Dermatology” This letter discusses a case of hapten-induced lymphadenosis benigna cutis following sensitization with squaric acid dibutylester for treating alopecia areata and reports no new clinical results.
1 citations
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June 2019 in “Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy” This report describes two cases where topical squaric acid dibutylester application in alopecia totalis patients led to severe pustular lesions, necessitating systemic prednisolone treatment.
September 2025 in “JID Innovations” This study suggests that macrophages, particularly CD206+ macrophages, play a crucial role in squaric acid dibutylester-induced hair growth in alopecia areata treatment.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” CD206+ macrophages are crucial for hair growth in alopecia areata treatment.
6 citations
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October 2016 in “Pediatric Dermatology” This case report describes a unique instance of a 6-year-old girl developing angioedema after treatment with squaric acid dibutylester for alopecia areata.
275 citations
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November 2002 in “International Journal of Dermatology” This study found that among an Asian population with alopecia areata, commonly first episodes occurred before age 40, with severe cases linked to psychological effects and treatments showing significant regrowth.
71 citations
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December 2013 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings” This review discusses various treatments for alopecia areata, highlighting their limitations and individualized approach, and reports no new clinical results.
60 citations
,
September 2001 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” This review discusses the use of contact sensitizers in topical immunotherapy for conditions like alopecia areata and viral warts, focusing on treatment methods, efficacy, and potential adverse effects, and reports no new clinical results.
24 citations
,
May 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that allergen treatment in alopecia areata mice appeared to alter leukocyte subset distribution and impaired dendritic cell migration, which may affect T-cell activation and hair follicle recovery.
23 citations
,
July 2008 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” This review discusses the use of contact sensitizers for topical immunotherapy in dermatological conditions such as alopecia areata and viral warts, but it reports no new clinical findings.
December 2025 in “Molecular Pain” This study identified that the MC-5-HT-HTR2A axis plays a role in chronic pruritus in a mouse model of SADBE-induced allergic contact dermatitis, suggesting potential for therapeutic targeting.
September 2022 in “Dermatology and therapy” This review summarizes current evidence on the use of contact immunotherapy, excluding alopecia areata, for various skin diseases, discussing its safety, efficacy, and the underlying mechanisms as reported from studies in the PubMed database.
January 1989 in “Handbook of experimental pharmacology” This review discusses the impact of drugs on human hair growth, highlighting its psychological importance and noting that most contributions are from clinical perspectives, with some input from biochemists and physiologists.
132 citations
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November 1998 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of topical sensitizers in treating alopecia areata but reports no new clinical findings.
48 citations
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June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” This review assesses the effectiveness of various alopecia areata treatments and concludes that only contact sensitizers like diphenylcyclopropenone and squaric acid dibutylester have shown efficacy in evidence-based studies, but it reports no new clinical results.
45 citations
,
January 2010 in “International journal of trichology” This review examines topical immunotherapy for severe alopecia areata, noting that diphencyprone and squaric acid dibutylester are non-mutagenic options with similar efficacy but different practical considerations, and reports no new clinical results.
44 citations
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April 2017 in “International Journal of Dermatology” This study reviewed treatment options for alopecia areata totalis and universalis, finding no completely effective therapy. Promising treatments with quality data include diphenylcyclopropenone, squaric acid dibutylester, and photodynamic therapy, but larger, high-quality trials are needed.
41 citations
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February 2001 in “Current pharmaceutical design” This review discusses current and potential treatments for alopecia areata, focusing on immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory approaches, but provides no new clinical results.
39 citations
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February 2005 in “Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia” This review analyzes the clinical, histopathological, and etiopathogenic aspects of alopecia areata and discusses current treatments, reporting no new clinical results.
20 citations
,
February 2004 in “Clinical & Experimental Immunology” This study suggests that long-term treatment with the contact sensitizer SADBE in mice may reduce leucocyte traffic in alopecia areata through impaired leucocyte extravasation.
18 citations
,
April 2010 in “Archives of Dermatology” This case report describes a patient with psoriasis and alopecia universalis where psoriasis plaques supported hair growth, suggesting cytokine interaction may influence competing immune responses.
15 citations
,
January 2015 in “Dermatitis” This review discusses the efficacy and safety of topical sensitizers for treating alopecia areata and reports no new clinical results; it emphasizes advancements in pediatric use, molecular mechanisms, and targeted delivery methods.
14 citations
,
January 1985 in “International Journal of Dermatology” The cause of alopecia areata was unknown, and while various treatments existed, no best treatment was agreed upon.
1 citations
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January 2011 in “MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri)” This study reports that topical immunotherapy with SADBE and DPCP is the most effective short-term treatment for hair regrowth in children with severe alopecia areata compared to other treatments.