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    Glossary Particulate Matter

    mixture of tiny solid particles and liquid droplets in air

    Particulate Matter (PM) refers to a mixture of tiny solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. These particles can include dust, dirt, soot, and smoke, and they vary in size, with PM10 and PM2.5 being common classifications based on their diameter in micrometers. PM2.5, in particular, can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, posing significant health risks such as respiratory and cardiovascular issues.

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    1. Particulate matter 2.5 damages skin cells by inducing oxidative stress, subcellular organelle dysfunction, and apoptosis Archives of Toxicology · 2018 · 215 citations
    2. Air Pollution, Autophagy, and Skin Aging: Impact of Particulate Matter (PM10) on Human Dermal Fibroblasts International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2018 · 68 citations
    3. Eupafolin nanoparticles protect HaCaT keratinocytes from particulate matter-induced inflammation and oxidative stress International Journal of Nanomedicine · 2016 · 43 citations
    4. Effects of Microwave-Assisted Opuntia humifusa Extract in Inhibiting the Impacts of Particulate Matter on Human Keratinocyte Skin Cell Antioxidants · 2020 · 26 citations
    5. Clionasterol-Rich Fraction of Caulerpa racemosa against Particulate Matter-Induced Skin Damage via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis-Related Signaling Pathway Antioxidants · 2022 · 5 citations
    6. Saponins of Korean Red Ginseng May Protect Human Skin from Adipokine-Associated Inflammation and Pigmentation Resulting from Particulate Matter Exposure Nutrients · 2022 · 4 citations
    7. Effects of ultraviolet rays and particulate matter on hair porosity in damaged hair Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2024 · 3 citations
    8. Long-term particulate matter exposure and risk of alopecia areata: a nationwide epidemiological study with preliminary <i>in vitro</i> evidence British Journal of Dermatology · 2026
    9. Long-Term Particulate Matter Exposure and Risk of Androgenetic Alopecia: A Nationwide Cohort Study JAAD International · 2026
    10. Particulate matter exposure induces maternal scalp hair loss after birth in C57/B6 mouse via alteration of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2026
    11. 705 Particulate matter induces inflammatory response in human outer root sheath cells via oxidative stress-dependent MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways 2022
    12. Association of Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter with Skin Symptoms in Schoolchildren: A Panel Study in a Rural Area of Western Japan International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2017 · 7 citations
    13. Air pollution and skin diseases: Adverse effects of airborne particulate matter on various skin diseases Life Sciences · 2016 · 295 citations
    14. Germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis Fermented with Lactobacillus pentosus SC65 Reduces Particulate Matter Induced Type II Alveolar Epithelial Apoptotic Cell Death International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2021 · 13 citations
    15. Cordyceps militaris Grown on Germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) Encapsulated in Chitosan Nanoparticle (GCN) Suppresses Particulate Matter (PM)-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2024 · 4 citations
    16. The impact of air pollution on skin and related disorders: A comprehensive review Dermatologic Therapy · 2021 · 98 citations
    17. Involvement of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal in pollution‐induced skin damage BioFactors · 2019 · 50 citations
    18. Understanding Hair Loss due to Air Pollution and the Approach to Management Hair therapy & transplantation · 2015 · 7 citations
    19. The Effects of Environmental Pollutants and Exposures on Hair Follicle Pathophysiology Skin appendage disorders · 2024
    20. 1396 Interferon-24 regulates the expression of MMP1 and dermal collagen of the skin Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2023
    21. Exploration of Natural Adsorbents for Applications in Pollution-Reducing Cosmetic Formulations Gels · 2026
    22. Araliadiol Protects Human Keratinocytes From Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Apoptosis via Activation of Antioxidant Signaling Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · 2026
    23. Environmental Modulation of JAK3-Mediated Immune Dysregulation in Alopecia Areata Scholarly Commons (Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University) · 2025
    24. Supplemental material_PM_AGA Mendeley Data · 2026
    25. Supplemental material_PM_AGA Mendeley Data · 2026
    26. Engineering the niche for hair regeneration — A critical review Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine · 2018 · 27 citations
    27. Chitosan Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Cordyceps militaris Grown on Germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis Reduces Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell Apoptosis in PM2.5-Induced Lung Injury International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2025 · 2 citations
    28. The role of adipose tissue in the healing of rat uterine wall after a full-thickness surgical incision CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MORPHOLOGY · 2021 · 7 citations
    29. The Invisible Threat to Hair and Scalpfrom Air Pollution Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · 2024 · 1 citations
    30. Environmental Air Pollutants Affecting Skin Functions with Systemic Implications International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2023 · 70 citations